The Bogoso-Prestea area has experienced mining for over a century and with advances in mineral processing and the promulgation of a new Mining and Mineral Law in 1986, surface mining became viable. High demand for gold will lead to increase in mining activities which will result in land use changes. Estimation of areas and analysis of land use flows methods were employed over a twenty year period (1986 -2006) to evaluate areas within the Golden Star Resources Bogoso Prestea Limited (GSRBPL) concession that have experienced land use change due to mining. The study revealed that mining in the area increased by 12.1 % in land coverage from 4.69 ha in 1986 to 530.84 ha in 2006. Agricultural land use reduced from 97.8% in 1986 to 82.7% in 2006. A significant ruralurban migration was acknowledged because settlements increased from 0.45 % in 1986 to 4.95 % in 2006. The study also revealed that land use due to mining stabilised between 1996 and 2006 due to good reclamation practices and reduced mine development.

Spatial data modelling information-based systems in current mining operations in Ghana are introduced with particular emphasis on the concepts and the hierarchical structure for three-dimensional (3D) mine. The integration of the various components of a mine is presented, and a queryable 3D mine simulation is also discussed. The conceptual and logical models of 3D tetrahedral model are discussed. This paper discusses the concepts and background knowledge for 3D mine development in general, and then goes further to demonstrate the implementation of the unified spatial data model for mine development. The results showed that a singular spatial data model can be developed to show man-made objects above and below the mine surface. IntroductionInformation communication technology (ICT) is having a great impact on every industry in Ghana. The mining industry in Ghana has also experienced this impact, and most of the equipment used in the mining industry is being automated. 3D spatial modelling is an abstract representation of reality using mathematically proven relationships defined as points, lines, polygons and solids to represent man-made and natural features above, on and below the surface of the Earth. 3D topology is the interrelationship existing between these objects to enable visualisation, query and analysis. 3D modelling of subsurface objects and their integration with the surface and above surface objects currently lags behind. Despite the sustained efforts of various researchers, the attempt at viewing above surface and subsurface man-made objects is still a challenge. The spatial model will represent 3D objects using the geometric primitives to build the model in the form of cubes or solids from a wireframe. However, this approach is not always useful as the level of realism for such a model becomes very low, and hence, recognition can be carried out only by experts. For this reason, the level of detail (LoD) concept is introduced to make 3D objects achieve realism. Although LoD for spatial objects has been extensively studied, they have not been extended to man-made features below the surface. LoD0 maps for surface and subsurface integration exist for most city centres but the 3D mine component is lacking in most mining towns. Most current mining models are two-dimensional (2D). For a modern mining town with the complexities associated with

Land acquisition and ownership for wealth creation has eluded most individuals in various regions of the Earth especially regions described as developing or less developed countries. Most European countries have developed multi-purpose cadastre (MPC) to streamline property ownership. Heterogeneity of space ownership is complex when it has to deal with space ownership above and below the surface. The concept of wealth can be measured as one's interest in land. This research seeks to introduce a conceptual framework using tools readily available and can be adopted by most countries. Reviews of cadastre being practised in some countries are presented. Concepts within the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) framework are also presented within the concepts of some standards such as CityGML. The concept for above and below volume parcels is presented. Land package by governments in African countries will help alleviate poverty and create wealth in many African countries. A graphical interface is developed for this concept. The need for a conceptual schema for land volume parcels and marine blocks for countries having borders with the sea or ocean is emphasised.

The study examines urbanization and its associated effects in terms of infrastructure, planning and congestion in two West African cities: Ibadan in Nigeria and Accra in Ghana. A comparative planning scheme for Accra, Ibadan and Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia is also analysed. Quantitative and qualitative approach in the form of orthophotos and satellite imagery, planning schemes and questionnaire were used for the study, 519 respondents were randomly sampled. Results from the study reveal that more than half of the respondents from Accra and Ibadan stated that the level of provision of sanitary facilities is not adequate or in most cases not present at all, while majority of respondents from Kuala Lumpur stated that sanitary facilities are adequate. Similarly, findings from the study show that majority of respondents from Accra and Ibadan stated that the provision of transport and recreational facilities is poor as compared to Kuala Lumpur. In the three cities more than half of the respondents claimed that they spent over 21 minutes to and from their work place. Overall impression about the physical infrastructure was poor in Accra and Ibadan. Also, it was observed from the findings that respondents incur both human and material losses due to traffic congestion in both cities. Some of the causes of traffic congestion identified especially in Accra and Ibadan in the study include: high number of vehicles plying the roads, narrow road networks, bad roads, lack of alternate routes, erection of structures near some major routes in the city and impatience on the part of some drivers. The cities of Ibadan and Accra are sprawling in a horizontal direction thereby taking a lot of land space with no effort being made by building and planning agencies to start building structures in the vertical direction above and below the city surface. The two cities therefore cannot boast of any significant landmarks in the category of the Twin Towers of Kuala Lumpur, hence the tourism potential of these cities cannot be maximally utilized. The study suggests the adoption of 3D city modelling and techniques in Accra in Ghana and Ibadan in Nigeria for spatial planning, also a generic framework is presented so as to overcome some of the transport and infrastructural problems to improve the quality of life as observed in Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia.

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