Objective-To study patients' perceptions of why they consulted the doctor, how ill they thought they were, and what happened in the consultation. To compare patients' perceptions before and after the consultation and to compare these perceptions with those of the doctor.Design-Patients filled in a questionnaire before and after the consultation. The doctor filled a questionnaire in after the consultation.Setting-Three general practices in Bedfordshire and one in Hertfordshire.Patients-500 consecutive patients consulting in each practice.Main outcome measures-Changes in patients' perceptions and differences between the perceptions of patients and doctors.Results -Doctors perceived patients to be less ill than the patients themselves did. Patients from social classes IV and V and children perceived themselves to be more ill than the average. Patients perceived themselves to be less ill after the consultation. A third of patients attended because doctors had told them to, and a quarter of patients had already tried to treat their problem themselves when they attended the consultation. Doctors' perceptions ofthe consultation emphasised listening, supporting, and giving advice. Patients' perceptions emphasised prescribing, reassuring, and referring to a consultant. Doctors perceived that they listened, examined, and gave advice less to social classes IV and V than to social classes I, II, and III and gave explanations more often to men than to women. Patients perceived external factors rather than lifestyle factors as being more important in causing their problems.

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Practices and traditional knowledge of forest is a potential resource to smallholder farmers living s enhance landscape ment smallholder manage. However, knowledge of the-forest relationship is still rare to explore social mechanisms that allow their relationship last long. The research aims to further understanding of the ing obtain traditional practices of forest management in Semende, South Sumat ra. We visited 32 villages in Semende and e stayed on several occasions in the 10 villages. We used descriptive phenomenolog approach to understand the ical social successful management by farmers find leads sawah process of forest. We the key that to the relations of-forest to be able to be maintained against changes, , whatever that is consistent attitude towards the core values of life happen and change. Social mechanism in the form of practices knowledge institution-tunggu tubang is an s s of integral package to ensure the of forest. The social mechanism is driven by the values of respect for the sustainability elderly, extended family, real work, the search for stability and serenity in the bonds of humanity. These findings may be valuable lessons for improving forest policy.

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Social forestry (SF) has long been implemented in production and protected forests in Indonesia. SF is considered to be a win–win solution for occupied and cultivated forest areas. The aim of this paper was to review the implementation of social forestry in Indonesia and its strengths and challenges. The secondary purpose was to synthesize the lessons learned and recommendations for the government about designing SF that can integrate the objective of forest biodiversity conservation and the social welfare of the surrounding communities. The study used a systematic literature review (SLR) of international and national peer-reviewed articles. The results of the study indicate that SF is intended to achieve benefits in three main areas: social, economic, and ecological. However, the review found that the ecological aspects of biodiversity conservation often receive less attention compared to the social and economic goals. A strong point of SF implementation is increasing community access to forest land use, while a challenge that must be resolved is that including communities in forest management can result in fragmentation and changes to animal habitats; thus, there is the potential for population decline and extinction. This study advises policymakers to pay more attention to ecological functions to ensure forest sustainability in SF development.