Introduction: Thyroid disorders (TDs) remain the second-most common endocrine disease after diabetes worldwide. Recently, there has been increased interest in the prevalence and pattern of TD based on the fact that it accelerates cardiovascular complications. However, there are limited data on the prevalence and pattern of TDs in the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) Enugu, Southeast Nigeria. Objectives: We studied prevalence and pattern of TDs as seen in patients attending UNTH, Enugu, Nigeria. Methods: This study was conducted in the Outpatient Department of UNTH Enugu from January 2016 to January 2019. Demographic and clinical data collected include age, gender, anthropometrics, clinical features, and associated complications of TDs. The patients were grouped as hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and euthyroid sick syndrome (ESS) according to symptoms, signs, thyroid function test, liver function test, fasting blood sugar, and cholesterol. Results: A total of 260 patients (210 females and 50 males) with a mean age of 49.22 ± 9.79 years reflected overall prevalence rate of 2.4%. The prevalence of hyperthyroidism 150 (58%), hypothyroidism 100 (39%), and (ESS) 10 (3.9%) was 1.4%, 0.9%, and 0.09%, respectively. Hypertension 34.3%, heart failure 26.7%, and atrial fibrillation 20% seen in Grave's disease were the most common cause of hospitalization and death. Conclusion: Grave's disease is the most common cause of TDs and occurs more in females than males in this study. We observed that hypertension, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation are promoters of complication in TDs. Health system facilities need to be strengthened in this area to improve the detection and management of TDs.

Aim In Nigeria, reports on the prevalence of Hepatitis C risk factors have not been clearly elucidated, we investigate the risk factors that influence the prevalence and how the difference in awareness level of risk factors screening across age groups contributes to the disease. Methods A total of 8790 aged 18‐55 years old, who attended the Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion Services, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu were screened. Among them, 135 were diagnosed with hepatitis C infection from 1 January 2017 to 1 January 2019. Participants completed a questionnaire related to demographics, risk factors, history of previous medical screening. Age groups, income and education were indicators. Multivariate analyses were used to identify correlates. Results A total of 135 blood donors (95 males and 40 females) with a mean age of 35.9 ± 10.5 and 36.4 ± 10.7 years respectively were positive for hepatitis C infection, giving overall prevalence (1.5%), injecting drug use (39%), unprotected multiple sex (22.2%), sacrification (14.8%), blood transfusion (11.1%). Multivariate analysis revealed that injecting drug use (P < .0001), unprotected multiple sex (P = .004), sacrification (P = .036) were independent risk factors that influence the prevalence among younger age groups. Blood transfusion was not significant (P = .053) but the mostly accessed. Low income and educational background were significantly more prevalent among the studied group. Conclusion Injecting drug use, multiple sex and sacrification are independent predictors of prevalence of Hepatitis C infection. The early onset of the risk factors among the younger adult clearly underlines the need for early screening and interventions.

INTRODUCTIONThe health of girls and women is affected by developmental, psychological and physiological age. Women's lives are marked by a continuous transition from intrauterine life, infancy, adolescence, menarche, reproductive life, menopausal transition, postmenopausal to the frail elderly life. Across the life span of a woman, menopause probably has the greatest impact on the health of women.1 Menopause is the phase of aging during which women passes from reproductive to nonreproductive stage.2 Oestrogen deficiency is a major occurrence in postmenopausal women and is associated with symptoms and diseases that are of increasing importance to women's health. Physiological and biochemical changes that alter the general health of women are seen in menopause which includes an increase in adiposity, which is a risk factor for developing insulin ABSTRACT Background: Physiological and biochemical changes that alter the general health of women are seen in menopause which include increase in adiposity and elevated serum ferritin. There is a dearth of information on the prevalence and common risk factors of MS and their association with iron stores of the body among postmenopausal women (POMW) in Enugu. Hence, this study was carried out to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, the most prevalent components of metabolic syndrome and its relationship with serum ferritin level in postmenopausal women in Enugu, Nigeria. Methods: The study was a cross sectional study, carried out from February to August 2013 among two hundred and twenty four (224) apparently healthy postmenopausal women aged 40 to 83 years. Metabolic syndrome was defined using National Cholesterol Education Programme, Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Results:The most frequent components of metabolic syndrome (MS) seen among the subjects were high waist circumference (WC) (70.1%), high blood pressure (66.5%) and low high density lipoprotein cholesterol (25.4%). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among the women was 29.0% while the mean level of serum ferritin of subjects with metabolic syndrome showed no significant (p >0.05) difference when compared to subjects without MS. Conclusions: The most frequent cluster of the risk factor of MS in the population studied was high WC, high blood pressure and low high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL). Although serum ferritin is slightly associated with FPG and WHR, it may not be used as diagnostic tool for MS in the group studied.

Aims: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a worldwide problem with increasing prevalence. End-stage renal disease accounts for 8% of all medical admissions and 42% of renal admissions in Nigeria. We review the literature on risk factors that might have impacted the prevalence and how awareness level of risk factors screening contributes to CKD. Design: Systematic literature review. Methods: A search was carried out on databases, PubMed, Medline and Google by means of (MeSH) terms, prevalence, demographics, risk factors, history of previous medical screening, age groups, income and education were indicators. Multivariate analyses were used to identify correlates. Reviewers screened 84 articles and 40 full texts were checked following inclusion criteria (1) publication between January 1985 and December 2018, (2) availability as full text in English (3) categorization as original research, review and meta-analysis. Results: A total of 7 articles were included. The hospital study with a total of 1574 patients were reviewed. A total of 908 with a mean age of 42.55±15.42 years were analyzed, prevalence (12.0%). One epidemiological study screened 2186 respondents, 1941 with a mean age of 43.7±13.2 were analyzed. Overall prevalence of 11.4% (semi-urban 11.7% and rural 11.1%) was observed. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated using CKD-EPI equation. Another study screened 400 respondents, 328 with a mean of 54.8±13.2 were analyzed. The GFR used was MDRA equation with prevalence (7.8%). The observed risk factors; older age (P<0.001), hypertension (P<0.001), use of nephrotoxins (P<0.001), obesity (P<0.001), history of renal disease (P<0.001) were independent risk factors that influence the prevalence, diabetes mellitus (P<0.005), use soaps containing mercury (P<0.056) and use of bleaching cream (P=0.138) were not significant, low income and education were significantly prevalent among the population. Conclusion: The early onset of the risk factors among younger adults clearly underlines the need for early screening and intervention. Review CriteriaA search was carried out on the different databases by means of the (MeSH) terms prevalence, risk factors, history of risk factor screening, demographics, income, education and preventions strategies. Reviewers screened 84 papers and 40 full text were checked. Following inclusion criteria: (1) publication between January 1985 and December 2018, (2) availability as full text in English, (3) categorization as original research, reviews, meta-analysis.

Introduction:Vaccine hesitancy is a global phenomenon and vaccination efforts against the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be hampered by it. This study assessed the acceptance rate of COVID-19 vaccination at different hypothetical efficacy and safety levels in Nigeria. Methods: This web-based study was conducted among a selected Nigerian population between the month of February and May 2021 using an online self-administered structured questionnaire hosted by Survey Monkey. WhatsApp, Twitter and Facebook were used to disseminate the invitation to take the poll. Results: The finding of this study revealed that a larger proportion of the participants were males (53.9%), within the age group of 31-40 years (25.6%) and earn an average income of less than $500 per month. Individuals between the ages of 21 and 30 years and 31 to 40 years showed the highest levels of acceptability for the COVID-19 vaccine at 95% efficacy and 5% adverse effects. The older age group (>51 years and above) had the least vaccine acceptance rate (3.3%) at 75% vaccine efficacy and 20% side effect. Respondents who held the belief that vaccinations are essential for their health had a higher chance to accept the COVID-19 vaccine with OR: 0.76; 50%CI (0.00-0.00), OR: 95%CI (0.000-0.000), OR: 1.23; ) and OR: 0.696; 95%CI (0.048-10.047) based on religion, the occurrence of diabetes, pulmonary disease, and Hypertension, respectively. Conclusion: The results of this research indicate that vaccine acceptance rates are negatively correlated with participants' ages.