We describe a rapid method for the production of fusion PCR products that can be used, generally without band purification, to transform Aspergillus nidulans. This technique can be used to replace genes; tag genes with fluorescent moeties or epitope tags; or replace endogenous promoters with regulatable promoters, by introducing an appropriate selective cassette (e.g., fluorescent protein + selectable marker). The relevant genomic fragments and cassette are first amplified separately by PCR using primers that produce overlapping ends. A second PCR using 'nested' primers fuses the fragments into a single molecule with all sequences in the desired order. This procedure allows a cassette to be amplified once, frozen and used subsequently in many fusion PCRs. Transformation of nonhomologous recombination deficient (nkuADelta) strains of A. nidulans with fusion PCR products results in high frequencies of accurate gene targeting. Fusion PCR takes less than 2 d. Protoplast formation and transformation takes less than 1 d.

Aspergillus nidulans is an important experimental organism, and it is a model organism for the genus Aspergillus that includes serious pathogens as well as commercially important organisms. Gene targeting by homologous recombination during transformation is possible in A. nidulans, but the frequency of correct gene targeting is variable and often low. We have identified the A. nidulans homolog (nkuA) of the human KU70 gene that is essential for nonhomologous end joining of DNA in double-strand break repair. Deletion of nkuA (nkuAD) greatly reduces the frequency of nonhomologous integration of transforming DNA fragments, leading to dramatically improved gene targeting. We have also developed heterologous markers that are selectable in A. nidulans but do not direct integration at any site in the A. nidulans genome. In combination, nkuAD and the heterologous selectable markers make up a very efficient genetargeting system. In experiments involving scores of genes, 90% or more of the transformants carried a single insertion of the transforming DNA at the correct site. The system works with linear and circular transforming molecules and it works for tagging genes with fluorescent moieties, replacing genes, and replacing promoters. This system is efficient enough to make genomewide gene-targeting projects feasible.

Loss-of-function Aspergillus nidulans CclA, a Bre2 ortholog involved in histone 3 lysine 4 methylation, activated the expression of cryptic secondary metabolite (SM) clusters in A. nidulans. One novel cluster generated monodictyphenone, emodin and emodin derivatives while a second encoded two anti-osteoporosis polyketides, F9775A and F9775B. Modification of the chromatin landscape in fungal SM clusters allows for a simple technological means to express silent fungal secondary metabolite gene clusters.Aspergilli are ubiquitous filamentous fungi whose members include human and plant pathogens and industrial fungi with tremendous medical, agricultural and biotechnological importance. Although demonstrating synteny along large tracks of their sequenced genomes, * Corresponding authors: phone: (323) 442-1670; fax: (323) 442-1390, clayw@usc.edu, phone: (608) 262-9795; fax: (608) (2) clusters 3 . Yet the expression of most SM clusters and their concomitant products remain veiled. Two approaches for activating otherwise silent clusters were recently described. One strategy, utilizing the knowledge that many SM clusters contain a pathway specific transcription factor, fused an inducible promoter to a cluster transcription factor leading to the production of hybrid polyketide-nonribosomal peptide metabolites, the cytotoxic aspyridones A (3) and B (4) 4 . A second approach, based on genomic mining of microarrays generated from mutants of the global regulator of secondary metabolism LaeA 5, 6, 7 , led to the identification of the anti-tumor compound terrequinone A (5) 8 . Efforts to uncover the regulatory role of LaeA revealed that some subtelomeric SM clusters were located in heterochromatic regions of the genome where suppression was relieved by deletion of a key histone deacetylase 9 . The importance of histone modifications in SM clusters was further reflected in the initiation and spread of histone H4 acetylation concurrent with transcriptional activation of the subtelomeric A. parasiticus aflatoxin (6) gene cluster 10 .A consideration of the accruing evidence linking chromatin modifications with SM cluster regulation led us to examine the hypothesis that additional chromatin modifying proteins were important in SM cluster regulation. In particular, we examined a member of the COMPASS (complex associated with Set1) complex for possible regulatory roles in SM silencing. The COMPASS complex is a conserved eukaryotic transcriptional effector both facilitating and repressing chromatin-mediated processes through methylation of lysine 4 of histone 3 (H3K4) 11,12 . While H3K4me2 and H3K4me3 are found predominantly on active loci 12 , the COMPASS complex also regulates homothallic mating silencing, ribosomal DNA silencing, telomere length, and subtelomeric gene expression in yeast [13][14][15] .A critical member of the COMPASS complex is the SPRY domain protein designated Bre2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 11 . Analysis of the A. nidulans genome revealed a putative ortholog, here named CclA. Extracts of cclA delet...

The genome sequencing of Aspergillus species including A. nidulans reveals that the products of many of the secondary metabolism pathways in these fungi have not been elucidated. Our examination of the 27 polyketide synthases (PKS) in A. nidulans revealed that one highly reduced PKS (HR-PKS, AN1034.3) and one non-reduced PKS (NR-PKS, AN1036.3) are located next to each other in the genome. Since no known A. nidulans secondary metabolites could be produced by two PKS enzymes, we hypothesized that this cryptic gene cluster produces an unknown natural product. Indeed after numerous attempts we found that the products from this cluster could not be detected under normal laboratory culture conditions in wild type strains. Closer examination of the gene cluster revealed a gene with high homology to a citrinin biosynthesis transcriptional activator (CtnR, 32% identity/47% similarity), a fungal transcription activator located next to the two PKSs. We replaced the promoter of the transcription activator with the inducible alcA promoter, which enabled the production of a novel polyketide that we have named asperfuranone. A series of gene deletions has allowed us to confirm that the two PKSs together with five additional genes comprise the asperfuranone biosynthetic pathway and leads us to propose a biosynthetic pathway for asperfuranone. Our results confirm and substantiate the potential to discover novel compounds even from a well-studied fungus by using a genomic mining approach.