Crystalline materials obtained by the crystallization of silver(I) cyanide from/with a variety of (oligo-)pyridine bases, L, of various bulk, have been characterized by room temperature single crystal X-ray structure determination. From L = quinoline (= ’quin’), AgCN : quin (1:2), is obtained, the structure being a single-stranded polymer, the successive silver atoms located on two-fold axes linked by linearly bridging cyanide groups and four-coordinate, the other two coordination sites being occupied by symmetry related quinoline nitrogen atoms. From L = 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine (‘collidine’ ≡ ‘coll’) AgCN : coll (1:1) is obtained; it is similarly a one-dimensional polymer with bridging cyanide linkages, but now with three-coordinate silver(I), the one ligand nitrogen being coordinated. The adduct for L = pyridine (= ‘py’), is of novel AgCN : py (10:9) stoichiometry; it also is a onedimensional polymer, with three-coordinate silver(I) atoms also coordinated by pyridine nitrogen, but with periodic ‘errors’ in a wave-like array (similar to that recently reported for ‘LT-CuCN’), here associated with the incorporation of occasional two-coordinate silver(I) lacking the pyridine - an unusual coordination complex example of a ’modulated’ structure? 1:1 adducts are obtained with L = 2,2’-bipyridine, ‘bpy’, 1,10-phenanthroline, ’phen’, and 2,9- dimethylphenanthroline, ‘dmp’, the latter two adducts being ’solvated’ with additional moles of phen and pyridine respectively. AgCN : bpy (1:1) is a single-stranded polymer with four-coordinate silver atoms linearly bridged by cyanides. The complex components of AgCN : phen (1:2) (≡ AgCN : phen (1:1). phen) and AgCN : dmp (: py) (1:1(:1)) are both mononuclear 1:1 species, [LAgCN], with threecoordinate metal atoms. With 2,2’:6’,2”-terpyridyl, ‘tpy’, a pyridine solvated adduct of AgCN : tpy : py (8:2:1) stoichiometry is found, the pyridine being incorporated in the one-dimensional polymer which comprises an . . .Ag’(NCAgCN)Ag’(NCAgCN)Ag’. . . spine, with (tpy)Ag(NCAgCN)Ag’ and Ag’(NCAg(py)CN)(tpy) units pendant to either side at alternate three-coordinate Ag’. In all of the oligodentate ligand complexes, the molecular packing is of interest, being dominated by the usual interleaving and perpendicular aromatic planar moieties. The IR spectra of the one-dimensional polymers show bands that are assigned to vibrations of the extended AgCN chains in these complexes: ν(CN), ν(AgC/N) (the AgC/AgN stretching mode, involving vibration of the CN group between its two neighbouring Ag atoms), δ (AgCN) (the restricted rotation of the CN group), and δ (NAgC) (the counter-vibration of the Ag substructure against the CN substructure). The ν(CN) and ν(AgC/N) bands in AgCN : py (10:9) occur in the ranges 2096 - 2154 and 360 - 460 cm−1 respectively, and show splittings that can be attributed to the unusual structure of this complex in the solid state. The Raman spectra of the py complex in the solid state and in solution are also discussed. In the other two unidentate ligand complexes, single bands are observed for the ν(CN) and ν(AgC/N) modes at 2140, 392 (AgCN : coll (1:1)) and 2140, 422 cm−1 (AgCN : quin (1:2)) respectively. The monomeric AgCN : bidentate ligand complexes AgCN : phen (1:1) and AgCN : dmp (1:1) show lower ν(CN) and ν(AgC/N) frequencies than the polymeric AgCN : bpy (1:1), despite the fact that the Ag-C/N distances in the former are shorter than that in the latter, in agreement with previously observed trends in AgCN/ER3 compounds.

This research aimed to determine the level of adoption and effect of characteristics of farmers on the level of adoption side-grafting technology on cocoa farming. The research was conducted at Palolo District, Sigi Regency-Indonesia. Sample size as big as 98 cocoa farmers and sampling was done by simple random. The results showed the level of technology adoption side-grafting on cocoa farming was still low. Characteristics of farmers such as ethnic, age, cocoa farming experience, and frequency followed agricultural extension of significant effect on the level of technology adoption side-grafting on cocoa farming at Sigi regency-Indonesia.

Ciplukan (Physalis sp.) merupakan salah satu tumbuhan yang potensial untuk dikembangkan sebagai sumber biofarmaka dan buah di Indonesia. Peningkatan produksi ini dapat dilakukan melalui penyediaan varietas-varietas unggul ciplukan dengan meningkatkan kapasitas genetik melalui program pemuliaan tanaman. Pemuliaan tanaman akan berhasil jika terdapat keragaman genetik yang luas dan heritabilitas tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari keragaman genetik dan heritabilitas pada karakter komponen hasil dan hasil ciplukan. Percobaan menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok dengan 34 aksesi ciplukan sebagai perlakuan diulang tiga kali. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kelurahan Areng-Areng, Kecamatan Junrejo, Kota Batu pada bulan Mei - September 2017. Karakter pada tanaman ciplukan ada yang mempunyai keragaman luas dan ada yang mempunyai keragaman sempit. Keragaman yang luas terdapat pada tinggi batang, jumlah bunga per tanaman, bobot per buah tanpa kelopak, bobot per buah dengan kelopak, jumlah buah per tanaman, jumlah buah segar per tanaman, bobot buah per tanaman dan bobot buah segar per tanaman. Keragaman yang sempit terdapat pada karakter diameter batang, jumlah cabang tersier, jumlah bunga per cabang tersier, panjang tangkai buah, panjang kelopak, diameter kelopak, panjang buah, diameter buah, dan kemanisan buah. Nilai heritabilitas pada semua karakter termasuk kriteria tinggi. Hal ini menunjukkan pengaruh genetik lebih besar dibandingkan dengan faktor fenotip pada penampilan karakter tanaman ciplukan. Ciplukan (Physalis sp.) is one of the potential plant to be developed as a source of medical plant and fruit in Indonesia. Increase production of this plant can be done through the provision of improved varieties of ciplukan by increasing the genetic capacity through plant breeding programs. Plant breeding will be successful if there is high genetic variability and heritability. This study aimed to study genetic variability and heritability on the character of yield component and yield in Physalis. The experiment used a randomized block design with 34 accessions of ciplukan as treatment repeated three times. The research was conducted in Areng-Areng sub-district, Junrejo District, Batu City from May until September 2017. Characters in ciplukan plants have wide and narrow variability. Characters that have a wide variability are stem height, number of flower per plant, number of fruits per plant, number of fruits per plant, weight per fruit without husks, weight per fruit with husk, weight of fruit per plant, and weight of fresh fruit per plant. Characters that have narrow variability are stem diameter, number of tertiary branching, number of flower per tertiary branching, length of fruit stalk, husk length, husk diameter, fruit length, fruit diameter, and sweetness. All characters have high heritability. This shows a greater genetic influence compared to phenotypic factors on the appearance of ciplukan characters. Physalis, genetic variablity, heritabilityKey words :

Descriptive correlational research was conducted to discover misconceptions on Rate of Reaction (RR) that impact on Chemical Equilibrium (CE) misconceptions. This research was conducted to 245 eleventh-grade students of High School in Gowa, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, that having been studied the RR and CE topics. Misconceptions data were collected using three-tier tests and semi-structured interviews. The data were analyzed using descriptive and correlational analysis. Description of RR misconceptions that impact on CE misconceptions are determined with the percentage of students who consistently experience misconceptions about RR and CE. There were six misconceptions in RR that have an impact on CE, which are: Misconceptions related to changes in the reaction rate with time; The effect of temperature on the rate of reaction; The effect of adding catalysts to the activation energy; and the mathematical relationship between the rate of reaction and the number of moles. Misconceptions in RR and misconceptions in CE having a correlation coefficient, using Spearman's formula, of 0.39. These results indicate that the impact of misconception in RR on CE is moderate. This study suggests that education practitioners should eliminate the misconception of prerequisite concepts before teaching the next related concepts.

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