The purpose of this study was to compare chronotype preferences of college students from high- and low-altitude backgrounds living in a tropical setting of Ethiopia. Chronotype (morningness-eveningness) is a preference for a given time of day for physical or mental activities. The present cross-sectional study employed Horne and Osteberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaires to evaluate chronotype preferences. The chronotype preference of 264 male college students from varied altitude backgrounds indicated significant differences (p < 0.001). Our findings confirm our hypothesis, of the prevalence of M-types dominant chronotype among college students at low than high altitude. However, we did not confirm our second hypothesis, since students from high-altitude backgrounds were generally I-type dominant chronotype. Similarly, students' academic performances from low- compared to high-altitudes backgrounds also indicated significant differences (p < 0.003). Better academic performances were seen in students with I-type chronotype orientations from high altitudes.

Background The mechanism by which Ethiopians adapt to altitude is quite unique compared to other Highlanders with respect to increased oxygen saturation of hemoglobin. Although the effects of altitude on cardiorespiratory and hematological quantities on athletics performances are well known, but there is little information about its underlying effect on chronotype orientations. Methods In this cross-sectional study 60 male college students with mean age 20±1.3 years from high and low altitude regions living in a tropical setting in Ethiopia were included. The participants’ chronotype was determined using the self-administered Horne and Ostberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaires (MEQ). Measurements and estimations of hematological and cardiorespiratory parameters were performed from 7:00–9:00 AM, East African time zone, in order to minimize any variations that might occur in the course of the day. A multivariate binary logistic regression model was fitted to analyze the underlying chronotype predictors. Results 28 (93.9%) of participants from high altitude were mainly intermediate type (I-type) dominant with (MEQ = 42–58). While, 16 (55.2%) of participants from low altitudes were morning type (M-type) dominant chronotype with (MEQ = 59–69). Our main finding confirmed that altitude is an independent predictor of chronotype orientations of the participants (p<0.015). Thus, the results of the multivariate analysis seem to indicate that, participants from low and high altitudes may be uniquely oriented towards either M-type or I-type chronotype respectively (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 4.772, 95% CI = 3.748–4618458). However, no significant difference on cardiorespiratory and hematological quantities between I-type and M-type chronotype of students from low altitude living in the same setting was reported (p > 0.05). Conclusion Our finding, reported for the first time that, the human chronotype varies according to the altitude, with no underlying effect of cardiorespiratory and hematological quantities.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between cultural intelligence (CQ) and adult demographic profiles in the workplace. Design/methodology/approach This cross-cultural study used a self-reported demographic and a 20-item CQ scale. The demographic and CQ level of 287 adults working in Oman from different countries was evaluated. Findings The mean total CQ score of adults working in Oman was 4.77 + 1.53. Out of the four dimensions, this study founds higher values relating to motivational CQ followed by metacognitive and behavioral CQ with mean scores 5.22 + 1.53, 5.13 + 1.57 and 4.59 + 1.54, respectively. Significance, between-group differences (gender, age, job level, sector type, education level, nationality and study abroad), were observed in metacognitive and motivational dimensions of CQ (p < 0.001). All the regression models are significant, indicating that they express a meaningful relationship between each of the dependent variables and the variables in the model. The total CQ model explains 10.7% of the variance. Research limitations/implications The results of this study provide additional insight to researchers in identifying the demographic profiles which predict the level of total CQ. The use of a longitudinal design to further confirm the results of this study is proposed. Practical implications The study helps practicing managers to understand the implications of cultural Intelligence and how it influences employee behavior from the perspectives of demographic perspectives. Originality/value The CQ levels of adults working in Oman vary according to their demographic profiles and the demographic profiles predict the CQ levels.

Aim of the study is to assess "Elements contributing to limited participation of children with disabilities (CWDs) in school based sport extracurricular activities" using descriptive survey design. The study participants were purposely selected (n=36). Observation using check lists, semi structured questionnaires and structured interview was administered. And the data obtained was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. As the findings shows opportunities to participate in school based sport extracurricular activities are unequal among disabled and non-disabled children in schools which is in contrast with UN convention on the rights of persons with disabilities [12] which states to ensure that children with disabilities have equal access with other children to participation in play, recreation, leisure and sporting activities, including those activities in the school system. This limited CWDs to get the (Physical, Social and Psychological) benefits of participation in sport extracurricular activities. Lack of opportunities for participation, disability sport competitions at school level, poor facilities, poor school compound, poor student to student support and lack of awareness on including CWDs in sport activities are found as contributing elements. Recommendations: support professional development and mentorship opportunities for volunteer staffs, physical education teachers and create awareness on inclusive issues, all members of the sport extracurricular activities should be tasked with ensuring that CWDs feel welcome to participate, promote sports that embrace diversity and open them to all participants regardless of ability, pair CWDs with partners without disabilities on teams for competition and schools should prepare disability sport competitions as they prepare for non -disabled ones, by doing this, they can show the ability of disabled students.