The relevance and number of land use/land cover (LULC) studies have significantly increased over recent decades. Census, statistical and cartographic data represent the main information sources for researchers. Short-term LULC change studies are improving faster and are more numerous than the long-term ones. The aim of our study was to review the available methodology for assessing changes in LULC based on historical sources. Old maps are the tool for long-term LULC studies as they allow tracking all LULC changes. However, in Lithuania, old maps are not much exploited for this purpose, which can be explained by the fact that the findings obtained using old maps are not always worth the technical and time inputs required. Our analysis revealed that only a small part of studies into LULC in Lithuania deal with the identification and analysis of LULC change trajectories. Therefore, some methods for determining LULC change trajectories are overviewed in this article, too.
Straipsnyje analizuojami per 1954–2018 m. atlikti žemės naudmenų / žemės dangos kaitos geografiniai (apimantys teritorinį aspektą) tyrimai Lietuvoje. Atliekant analizę buvo sistemingai gilintasi į Lietuvos ir užsienio autorių publikacijas, Vilniaus universiteto (VU) studentų baigiamuosius darbus. Išryškėjo skirtingos analizuojamos temos darbų tyrimo dimensijos ir laikotarpiai, reprezentuojami daugelio įvairių specialistų – geografų, žemėtvarkininkų, žemės ūkio specialistų. Atlikus VU studentų baigiamųjų darbų analizę, parengta darbų, nagrinėjančių žemėnaudos kaitą, aprėpties kartoschema. Paaiškėjo, kad atliekamų žemėnaudos kaitos tyrimų kiekis yra susijęs su politiniais, socialiniais, ekonominiais pokyčiais šalyje, kurie lemia ir akivaizdžius žemėnaudos pokyčius, ir kintantį publikacijų nagrinėjama tematika skaičių. Daugiausia tyrimų yra aprašomojo pobūdžio ir apima sąlyginai neilgus 10–20 metų laikotarpius. Studentų baigiamieji darbai dažniausiai orientuoti į lokalinius žemės naudmenų struktūros kaitos tyrimus. Atsižvelgiant į Europos žemėnaudos kaitos tyrimų tendencijas, siūlytina į Lietuvos geografinius žemės naudmenų tyrimus įtraukti mažai ištirtus kraštovaizdžių tipus ir vietoves, identifikuoti svarbiausius kraštovaizdžio kaitos veiksnius, tobulinti kiekybinės kraštovaizdžio kaitos analizės metodus, vykdyti tyrimus, apimančius ilgesnius istorinius laikotarpius ir tarpvalstybinius regionus, ieškoti bei atsižvelgti į subtilius ir naujus kraštovaizdžio procesus, tyrinėti stabilias, mažai besikeičiančias žemėnaudos struktūras, padėsiančias nustatyti veiksnius, atsparius išorės poveikiui.
Studies of long-term land-use changes can reveal significant results about land use in the past and lead to the main causes of these changes being revealed. We georeferenced 27 selected sheets from 1846–1872 topographical maps of the Russian Empire, covering the territory of the modern Republic of Lithuania. The georeferencing was based on using ground control points. We discuss the overall insignificant errors obtained from joining the georeferenced sheets of this historical map. Manual digitizing (vectorizing) was preferred over automated means because of the specifications of the map. All the data were merged into five land-use categories: (1) forests; (2) wetlands; (3) built-up areas; (4) water bodies; and (5) other (mostly including arable land, grassland, and pastures). The reconstructed land-use structure of the 19th century was assessed for its compatibility with the spatial data of the CORINE land cover in 2018. The results showed that forest land use increased from 26.57% to 33.52%, built-up areas increased from 4.35% to 3.23%, and water bodies increased from 2.24% to 5.78%. Meanwhile, wetlands decreased from 4.35% to 0.84%, and other land use decreased from 66.56% to 56.63%. The main LULC change trends were determined to have resulted from political and economic decisions. The reconstructed LULC situation and identified LULC changes can provide the background for land management and future studies in various academic fields.
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