Much has been written about the development and reception of Franz Joseph Gall's (1758-1828) ideas in Western Europe. There has been little coverage, however, of how his Schädellehre or organology was received in Eastern Europe. With this in mind, we examined the transmission and acceptance/rejection of Gall's doctrine in Vilnius (now Lithuania). We shall focus on what two prominent professors at Vilnius University felt about organology. The first of these men was Andrew Sniadecki (1768-1838), who published an article on Gall's system in the journal Dziennik Wileński in 1805. The second is his contemporary, Joseph Frank (1771-1842), who wrote about the doctrine in his memoirs and published an article on phrenology in the journal Bibliotheca Italiana in 1839. Both Frank and Sniadecki had previously worked in Vienna's hospitals, where they became acquainted with Gall and his system, but they formed different opinions. Sniadecki explained the doctrine not only to students and doctors but also to the general public in Vilnius, believing the new science had merit. Frank, in contrast, attempted to prove the futility of cranioscopy. Briefer mention will be made of the assessments of Johann Peter Frank (1745-1821) and Ludwig Heinrich Bojanus (1776-1827), two other physicians who overlapped Gall in Vienna and went to Vilnius afterward. Additionally, we shall bring up how a rich collection of human skulls was used for teaching purposes at Vilnius University, and how students were encouraged to mark the organs on crania using Gall's system. Though organology in Vilnius, as in many other places, was always controversial, it was taught at the university, accepted by many medical professionals, and discussed by an inquisitive public.
Nemiga yra apibrėžiama kaip liga, pasireiškianti užmigimo sutrikimu, miego trukmės, vientisumo ar kokybės pablogėjimu, kuri kartojasi nepaisant adekvačių miego sąlygų, blogindama ligonio savijautą dieną. Diagnozuojant nemigą, rekomenduojama surinkti miego sutrikimų anamnezę, išaiškinti somatines ir psichines ligas, vartojamus vaistus, atlikti somatinį ištyrimą. Kiekybiniams miego parametrams vertinti gali būti naudojama aktigrafija. Polisomnografija rekomenduojama, kai kliniškai įtariamas kitas miego sutrikimas (neramių kojų sindromas, miego apnėja ar narkolepsija), jei nemiga yra rezistentiška gydymui, taip pat įtariant neatitikimą tarp subjektyvių pojūčių ir objektyvios miego trukmės. Kognityvinė elgesio terapija rekomenduojama kaip pirmo pasirinkimo lėtinės nemigos gydymo metodas bet kokio amžiaus suaugusiems ligoniams. Medikamentinis gydymas benzodiazepinais ir jų receptorių agonistais trumpalaikiam nemigos gydymui gali būti siūlomas nesant kognityvinės terapijos poveikio arba galimybės ją skirti. Benzodiazepinai ir jų receptorių agonistai nerekomenduojami ilgalaikiam nemigos gydymui. Seduojantys antidepresantai veiksmingi trumpalaikiam nemigos gydymui, įvertinus kontraindikacijas. Stokojant duomenų apie antihistamininių ir antipsichotinių vaistų poveikį miego sutrikimams gydyti, jų nerekomenduojama skirti. Melatonino nerekomenduojama skirti nemigai gydyti dėl menko veiksmingumo. Valerijonų ir kitų fitopreparatų nerekomenduojama skirti, gydant nemigą, nes nėra pakankamų veiksmingumo įrodymų. Šviesos terapija ir fizinis aktyvumas gali būti naudingi kaip pagalbinė priemonė. Stokojant veiksmingumo įrodymų, gydant nemigą, nerekomenduojama skirti akupunktūros, aromaterapijos, pėdų refleksologijos, homeopatijos, meditacijos judesiu, moksibustijos ir jogos.
ObjectivesNeuromyelitis optica (NMO) is frequently associated with aquaporin‐4 autoantibodies (AQP4‐Ab); however, studies of NMO in Lithuania are lacking. Therefore, the main objective of our study is to assess positivity for AQP4‐Ab in patients presenting with inflammatory demyelinating central nervous system (CNS) diseases other than typical multiple sclerosis (MS) in Lithuania.Materials and methodsData were collected from the two largest University hospitals in Lithuania. During the study period, there were 121 newly diagnosed typical MS cases, which were included in the MS registry database. After excluding these typical MS cases, we analyzed the remaining 29 cases of other CNS inflammatory demyelinating diseases, including atypical MS (n = 14), acute transverse myelitis, TM (n = 8), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, ADEM (n = 3), clinically isolated syndrome, CIS (n = 2), atypical optic neuritis, ON (n = 1), and NMO (n = 1). We assessed positivity for AQP4‐Ab for the 29 patients and evaluated clinical, laboratory, and instrumental differences between AQP4‐Ab seropositive and AQP4‐Ab seronegative patient groups.ResultsAQP4‐Ab test was positive for three (10.3%) patients in our study, with initial diagnoses of atypical MS (n = 2) and ADEM (n = 1). One study patient was AQP4‐Ab negative despite being previously clinically diagnosed with NMO. There were no significant clinical, laboratory, or instrumental differences between the groups of AQP4‐Ab positive (3 [10.3%]) and negative (26 [89.7%]) patients.ConclusionsAQP4‐Ab test was positive for one‐tenth of patients with CNS inflammatory demyelinating diseases other than typical MS in our study. AQP4‐Ab testing is highly recommended for patients presenting with not only TM and ON but also an atypical course of MS and ADEM.
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