Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a global health threat. This virus is the causative agent for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Pandemic prevention is best addressed through an integrated One Health (OH) approach. Understanding zoonotic pathogen fatality and spillover from wildlife to humans are effective for controlling and preventing zoonotic outbreaks. The OH concept depends on the interface of humans, animals, and their environment. Collaboration among veterinary medicine, public health workers and clinicians, and veterinary public health is necessary for rapid response to emerging zoonotic pathogens. SARS-CoV-2 affects aquatic environments, primarily through untreated sewage. Patients with COVID-19 discharge the virus in urine and feces into residential wastewater. Thus, marine organisms may be infected with SARS-CoV-2 by the subsequent discharge of partially treated or untreated wastewater to marine waters. Viral loads can be monitored in sewage and surface waters. Furthermore, shellfish are vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Filter-feeding organisms might be monitored to protect consumers. Finally, the stability of SARS-CoV-2 to various environmental factors aids in viral studies. This article highlights the presence and survival of SARS-CoV-2 in the marine environment and its potential to enter marine ecosystems through wastewater. Furthermore, the OH approach is discussed for improving readiness for successive outbreaks. This review analyzes information from public health and epidemiological monitoring tools to control COVID-19 transmission.

Background: Libyan wetlands are diverse; the coastline of Libya in particular has different kinds of wetlands such as salt marshes, bays, lakes, lagoons and islands. These varieties in habitats provide good shelters and foraging sites for migratory birds during their journeys between Eurasia and Africa. Since the beginning of the Libyan winter census of waterbirds (Libya IWC) in 2005 which continued regularly until 2012, it had relatively the same performance in the number of covered sites. Since 2013, due to the security situation that Libya has experienced as a result of wars and conflict which negatively affected the quality of the IWC in Libya, the number of sites has dramatically decreased, reaching only 6 sites during the middle of the previous decade. Aim: The IWC 2022 aimed to counting the birds along the Libyan coast from January 10 to 29. Methods: The census activities were conducted from the dawn to dusk along the period of the study, by using high quality Telescopes, binoculars and digital cameras for the documentation. Point transects method was used to cover the sites. Results: The results of this year showed that a total of 64 sites were covered, 68 species of waterbirds were counted, with an abundance of 61,850 individuals. During the census period, a total of 52 non-waterbirds species found in Wetlands were recorded, and the number of individuals was 14,836 birds. A total of 18 threatened species were observed during this survey, 12 of them are mentioned in the IUCN Red-list, and 9 species are mentioned in the RAC/SPA annex II as threatened in the Mediterranean, where the species; Larus audouinii (Payraudeau, 1826), Larus genei (Breme, 1839) and Puffinus yelkouan (Acerbi, 1827) are mentioned in both of them. Conclusion: The lack of the number of Ornithologists and bird watchers is still one of the factors affecting the quality of the IWC in Libya, as well as lack of funding remains an important factor that plays a major role in the success of the waterbirds census.

Background: Vibrios are aquatic bacteria and ubiquitous in the marine environment causing Vibriosis in humans and aquatic animals. Vibriosis is a significant disease of cultured and wild fish living in marine water, brackish, and freshwater, which causes highly economic losses. Aim: The present study was aimed to address the impact of Vibrios on the health status of Trachurus trachurus inhabiting coastal area of Tripoli. Methods: A total of 100 samples of (Trachurus trachurus) were collected randomly from the Western Coast of Tripoli and Bab Al- Baher market, throughout the period from spring 2019 to summer 2019.All the sampled fish were examined externally and internally to identify any potential lesions. Bacterial isolation from liver and kidney was carried out using the appropriate culture media. Tissue samples were taken from liver, kidney and spleen in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histopathology examination. The tissue sections were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H & E) to assess morphologically and Perl's Prussian blue for the demonstration of ferric iron. Results: On average 69% of the infected fish exhibited at least one pathological lesion. Vibrios were recovered from 90% of the examined fishes. The histopathological changes in the liver were observed as severe congestion of blood vessels, mononuclear cell infiltration surrounding a bile duct, granular degeneration and coagulative necrosis of hepatocytes in the centrilobular area, marked vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes, activation of melano-macrophages centers (MMCs), multiple cysts of nematode in hepatic tissue (incidental finding). With respect to kidney and spleen, examination of H & E stained tissue sections have severe congestion of blood vessels, vacuolar degeneration of the renal tubular epithelium, severe interstitial mononuclear cell infiltration, and marked activation of melano-macrophages centers (MMCs) in the kidney. Moreover, congestion of blood vessels and marked activation of melano-macrophages (MMCs) were found in the spleen. The melano-macrophage centers (MMCs) of most of the sampled tissues showed a strong positive reaction for ferric iron. Conclusion: The polluted aquatic environment by sewage at Tripoli Coast is an essential factor for triggering the pathogenicity and invasion of Vibrios to vulnerable Atlantic horse mackerel fishes. Also, this study are a preliminary step to give a baseline for further future studies on epidemiology and control of Vibrio infection in Libyan fish.