Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) resulted in a worldwide concern. The role of the immunity system and memory cells in this disease and their ability in preventing a secondary infection is a controversial issue. Here we presented a case of reinfection with this virus eight months after the first episode. A twenty-one-year-old man was referred to our local hospital on 19 February 2020 with symptoms of viral infection. COVID-19 infection was confirmed by RT-PCR. He got hospitalized for 5 days. Eight months later on 4 October 2020, he was again referred with symptoms of viral infection and para-clinical tests confirmed COVID-19 infection. He got hospitalized for 6 days in the second episode. Although the immunity system plays important role in COVID-19 infection through the presence of memory cells it doesn't guarantee permanent immunity to this virus. Reinfection with COVID-19 is possible and has been reported in some other studies.

Background: Hematuria is one of the most common symptoms in nephrology and urology. Due to the lack of extensive meta-analysis studies on the epidemiology of hematuria in Iran, this study was conducted to determine the epidemiological status of hematuria in Iran. Methods: In Sep 2020, researchers studied six international databases such as PubMed, ISI/WOS, ProQuest, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar for English papers and Iranian databases (SID and MagIran) for Persian papers. Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist was used to review and control the quality of articles. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed by Cochran's test and its composition using I2 statistics. Results: After several screening phase, the number of 25 article included to the final analysis. The prevalence of hematuria in the general population and children, in Iran were estimated at 16.4% (95% CI, - 0.05-37.9) and 1.6% (95% CI, 0.9-2.3) respectively. The odds ratio (OR) of women to men in the prevalence of hematuria in the general population 1.74, 95% CI: 1.20-2.52, P=0.003, patients with beta-thalassemia major 2.02, 95% CI: 1.11-3.65, P=0.020, children 2.61, 95% CI: 1.19-5.71, P=0.016, the elderly 1.50, 95% CI: 1.15-1.94, P=0.002, and taxi drivers 3.73, 95% CI: 2.58-5.38, P<0.001 was obtained. Conclusion: The prevalence of hematuria in the general population is relatively high. Hematuria is a good predictor for detecting of bladder cancer and Idiopathic hypercalciuria and the physician should attention to microscopic hematuria.

Purpose To investigated existing articles about the impact of positive family history of cancer on increased risk of colorectal cancer in EMRO countries Method PubMed, Scopus, and Web of science are selected as our databases. Newcastle-Ottawa (NCO) Checklist is used for quality assessment. Odds Ratio with 95% confidence interval was used to compare the effect of family history of cancer in case and control group Result Finally, 27 articles are carefully selected to be in our study. Our Meta-analysis showed a significantly positive association between positive family history of ANY Cancer or CRC on increased risk of CRC (OR = 1.76; 95% CI:1.27–2.42; P = 0.001, OR = 2.21; 95% CI:1.54–3.17; P < 0.001 respectively). Subgroup analysis revealed that positive family history of ANY cancer in First-Degree significantly increased the risk of CRC (OR = 2.12; 95% CI:1.65–2.73; P < 0.001). Positive family history of CRC in First-Degree relatives is also associated with increased risk of CRC (OR = 2.19; 95% CI:1.22–3.91; P = 0.008). Conclusion Our results show the importance of screening and early identification of patients with family history. Coordinating health care facilities and encouraging people to use screening methods for early detection and therefore better treatment can reduce mortality and financial costs for general public.

Background and aim: Bowel preparation is a crucial factor affecting the diagnostic accuracy of colonoscopy, and few randomized control trials evaluated enhancement in bowel preparation. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of walking exercises on bowel preparation before colonoscopy procedure. Methods: The present study is a single-blind randomized control trial, including 262 patients undergoing colonoscopy procedure. Patients were randomly divided into two groups of intervention (n=131) and control (n=131). Individuals in the intervention group were supposed to consume certain liquids and foods, bisacodyl pills, poly ethylene glycol powder and walk before their colonoscopy day based on a predefined plan. Individuals in the control group were supposed to consume the same regimen as the intervention group but were not told to do walking exercises. On the colonoscopy day, both groups were estimated regarding the number of footsteps taken by a foot counter. An experienced gastroenterologist compared the two groups regarding the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS). Results: The number of taken footsteps in the two groups was significantly different (P<0.001). Although there was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups regarding mean BBPS (6.26±1.9 vs 6.29±1.9, P =0.416), individuals with more than 6900 steps had significantly higher BBPS compared to individuals with less than 6900 footsteps (6.62±1.8 vs 5.92±1.9, P = 0.003). In univariate analysis, BBPS was significantly associated with age below 50 (OR: 2.45, 95%CI: 1.30-4.61, P=0.006) and smoking (OR: 0.41, 95%CI: 0.17-0.94, P=0.043). In multivariate analysis, the relationship between BBPS with age below 50 and smoking remained significant (OR: 2.50, 95%CI: 1.30-4.70, P=0.005 and OR: 0.38, 95%CI: 0.16-0.93, P=0.034, respectively). Conclusion: Although walking exercise as an intervention before colonoscopy was not significantly associated with BBPS, the higher number of footsteps taken was found to enhance bowel preparation. Also, older people and smokers seem to have fewer benefits from walking exercises for bowel preparation before the colonoscopy procedure. Trial registration: ISRCTN32724024 (Registration date:22/08/2018).

Background: Kidney cancer is one of the most deadly cancers of the urinary tract. Among the different continents, Asia has the highest percentage in terms of incidence and mortality. In the present study, we aimed to provide a comprehensive estimate of kidney cancer survival in Asian countries. Methods: The current study is a systematic review and meta-analysis of kidney cancer survival in Asian countries. Researchers in the study searched for articles published in six international databases. We included all observational studies (cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies) published up to June 1, 2022. Survival and exclusively localized renal cell carcinoma in Asian countries were included in the study. The Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Form has been prepared in previous studies to evaluate the quality of papers. The random-effects model was used to reduce the risk of bias in the studies. The Egger bias test was also used to assess the risk of publication bias. Results: In total, 42 articles had criteria for inclusion in the analysis. The one-year survival rate in Asian countries was 71% (95% CI 66.2-75.3). The five-year survival rate was 69.4% (95% CI 67.7-71.0), and the 10-year survival rate was 62.3% (95% CI 57.6-66.7). The meta-regression results showed a significant association between publication year and one-year and five-year survival rates. Thus, the year of study is a cause of variability in results of one-year (Reg Coef = 0.099, P<0.001) and five-year (Reg Coef = 0.045, P<0.001) survival rates. Human Development Index was a cause of variability in results of one-year (Reg Coef = 4.80, P<0.001) and five-year survival rates (Reg Coef = 2.90, P<0.001). Conclusion: The survival rate of kidney cancer in Asian countries is lower than in European countries and the United States.