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BackgroundFluoroquinolones (FQs) are compounds of major interest with broad antimicrobial activities against community and hospital-acquired infections such as respiratory tract infections (nosocomial pneumonia, chronic bronchitis and tuberculosis), skin and soft tissue infections, bone and joint infections, intra-abdominal infections and sexually transmitted diseases. This broad range of activities along with favorable pharmacokinetic and low toxicity introduced this class of compounds as important antimicrobial chemotherapy agents. The rapid increase in prevalence of FQs resistant microbes in environment motivated medicinal chemists to discover new quinolone-based compounds with potent activities against Gram-positive bacteria.MethodsThe designed compounds were prepared through the two-component reaction between aromatic α-haloketones or α-halooximes and sarafloxacin in the presence of NaHCO3 in DMF, affording the corresponding N-[2-(aryl-3-yl) ethyl] piperazinyl quinolone derivatives in good yields. All synthesized compounds were evaluated for antibacterial activities against Gram-positive [Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538p, Micrococcus luteus, ATCC 1110, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633] and Gram-negative [Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 10031 Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 and Serratia marcescens PTCC 1111] bacteria.ResultsThe antibacterial activities of 24 new compounds were reported as MIC values in comparison to sarafloxacin. The most active compound, 4 g, exhibited similar inhibitory activity against Gram-positive bacteria including S. aureus, S. epidermidis and B. subtilis compared to positive control. Furthermore, benzyloxime incorporated derivatives (4 s-4x) showed poor activity against all tested strains, except 4x.ConclusionThe obtained results indicated that the synthesized compounds containing substituted piperazine moiety at the C-7 position displayed same or weak inhibitory activities compared to sarafloxacin. Graphical abstractᅟ

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Man has always tried to make new systems, which can do his difficult tasks. Manage and control of such new complex systems is new challenge in our life. Today, one solution to deal with this challenge is using advantage of features of autonomy. It means that instead of managing and controlling the entire system, each component or at least part of the system can manage or control itself even in unpredictable situations. In this paper, we proposed a new algorithm, is named "self-configurable particle swarm optimization algorithm (SCPSO)". This method can control a system without outside observers in decentralize fashion. Each particle can makes decision to find optimum position for itself even when there is not enough information from whole system. By this method, particles can work autonomously even in unpredictable situations. We examine our proposed algorithm in both static and dynamic environments. This algorithm is a good method for using in disaster management or crisis management. Results show this method is a successful, especially in communication less environments.