. Muscle glycogen inharmoniously regulates glycogen synthase activity, glucose uptake, and proximal insulin signaling. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 290: E154 -E162, 2006. First published August 23, 2005 doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00330.2005.-Insulinstimulated glucose uptake and incorporation of glucose into skeletal muscle glycogen contribute to physiological regulation of blood glucose concentration. In the present study, glucose handling and insulin signaling in isolated rat muscles with low glycogen (LG, 24-h fasting) and high glycogen (HG, refed for 24 h) content were compared with muscles with normal glycogen (NG, rats kept on their normal diet). In LG, basal and insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis and glycogen synthase activation were higher and glycogen synthase phosphorylation (Ser 645 , Ser 649 , Ser 653 , Ser 657 ) lower than in NG. GLUT4 expression, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, and PKB phosphorylation were higher in LG than in NG, whereas insulin receptor tyrosyl phosphorylation, insulin receptor substrate-1-associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity, and GSK-3 phosphorylation were unchanged. Muscles with HG showed lower insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis and glycogen synthase activation than NG despite similar dephosphorylation. Insulin signaling, glucose uptake, and GLUT4 expression were similar in HG and NG. This discordant regulation of glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis in HG resulted in higher insulin-stimulated glucose 6-phosphate concentration, higher glycolytic flux, and intracellular accumulation of nonphosphorylated 2-deoxyglucose. In conclusion, elevated glycogen synthase activation, glucose uptake, and GLUT4 expression enhance glycogen resynthesis in muscles with low glycogen. High glycogen concentration per se does not impair proximal insulin signaling or glucose uptake. "Insulin resistance" is observed at the level of glycogen synthase, and the reduced glycogen synthesis leads to increased levels of glucose 6-phosphate, glycolytic flux, and accumulation of nonphosphorylated 2-deoxyglucose. glucose transporter 4; protein kinase B; glycogen synthase kinase-3; phosphorylation; glucose metabolism; glycolytic flux; rat SKELETAL MUSCLE IS PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis, as 70 -90% of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake occurs in skeletal muscle, where it is incorporated into and stored as glycogen (37). The glycogen concentration in skeletal muscles is limited, and a feedback mechanism exists. It has been 40 years since the classic study of Danforth (8), which showed that increased glycogen concentration reduced glycogen synthase activation in both the presence and absence of insulin. More recently, studies have shown that glycogen concentration also influences glucose uptake in skeletal muscles (2,9,17,18).Among the most important functions of insulin are stimulation of glucose uptake and activation of glycogen synthesis (35). Insulin stimulates glucose uptake in insulin responsive tissues by promoting translocation of the facilitative glucose t...

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THE JOURNAL OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERY * Stress= dynescentimetres2 where g 981 cm. sec2, r=radius, 1= length of capillary tube. VOL. 41 B, NO. 2, MAY 1959 390 E. HENRIETTA JEBENS AND M. EILEEN MONK-JONES The viscous anomaly-The apparent viscosity of a fluid is proportional to the product Pt THE JOURNAL OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERY * Intrinsic viscosity= limiting value of iisp/C when the concentration C-*.0. flsp=flrel.-1. See Bull (1951)

To study how training affects the Na(+)-K+ pump concentration, 11 male and 9 female elite junior cross-country skiers trained 12-15 h/wk at 60-70% (moderate-intensity group) or 80-90% (high-intensity group) of their maximal O2 uptake for 5 mo. Muscle biopsies taken from the vastus lateralis muscle before and after the training period were analyzed for Na(+)-K+ pump concentration by the [3H]ouabain-binding technique. Before training, the concentration was 343 +/- 11 nmol/kg wet muscle mass (mean +/- SE) for the men and 281 +/- 14 nmol/kg for the women (18% less than for the men, P = 0.003). The Na(+)-K+ pump concentration rose by 49 +/- 11 nmol/kg (16%, P < 0.001) for all subjects pooled during the training period, and there was no difference between the two training groups (P = 0.3) or the sexes (P = 0.5) in this increase. The Na(+)-K+ pump concentration correlated with the maximal O2 uptake (r = 0.6, P = 0.003), with the performance during a 20-min treadmill run (r = 0.6, P = 0.003), and to the rank of the subjects' performance as cross-country skiers (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient = 0.76, P < 0.001). These data could mean that for elite cross-country skiers the performance is related to the Na(+)-K+ pump concentration. However, other studies have shown an equally high pump concentration for far less fit subjects, suggesting that the pump concentration may not be a limiting factor.

In the present study, the density of cell surface beta-adrenergic receptors was determined in different skeletal muscles using the hydrophilic ligand [3H]CGP 12177. The density of beta-adrenergic receptors was highest in the slow-twitch soleus muscle (32.8+/-0.9 fmol mg dw(-1)) and lowest in the fast-twitch glycolytic white gastrocnemius (10.4+/-0.5 fmol mg dw(-1)) beta-Adrenoceptor density correlated closely with the percentage of type-I fibres (r=0.979; P<0.0001) and inversely with the percentage of type-IIB fibres (r=696; P<0.03). Incubation with isoprenaline (10 microM) for 30 min decreased the density of beta-adrenergic receptors in the cell surface from 32.9+/-0.8 to 19.3+/-0.7 fmol mg dw(-1) in the soleus and from 16.8+/-1.0 to 12.0+/-0.7 fmol mg dw(-1) in the epitrochlearis. Internalisation appeared rapid (half-time less than 5 min). To study externalisation of beta-adrenergic receptors, soleus strips were incubated 30 min with 10 microM isoprenaline and then transferred to buffer without agonist. The first incubation reduced the density to approximately 50%, the subsequent incubation without agonist increased cell surface receptor density to approximately 80% of the initial density after 1 h. No further increase was observed over the next 2 h, suggesting that some of the receptors had been degraded. Insulin or contractile activity did not influence rate of externalisation.