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Route simulations were performed on a 100 m long (between perpendiculars) general cargo ship equipped with retractable bow-mounted foils, so-called wavefoils, for resistance reduction and motion damping in waves. Two round-trip routes were simulated: Orkney Islands to Iceland and across the Bay of Biscay. Ship motions and added resistance in waves were calculated in the frequency domain. Foil thrust was calculated in the time domain, based on a frequencydomain model of the vessel motions with wavefoils, using a slightly modified version of the Leishman-Beddoes dynamic stall model (Leishman and Beddoes, 1989). For both directions of each route, 1000 journeys with and without wavefoils were simulated, with wind and wave conditions obtained from ECMWF hindcast data. In the simulations, two identical ships, one equipped with wavefoils and the other without, were assumed operating in parallel, starting their journeys at random times between January 1, 2000, and December 1, 2014. The brake power was constant for the ship without wavefoils, whereas the ship with wavefoils reduced its power to obtain the same speed as the ship without wavefoils. For the most favorable route with respect to this study, Orkney Islands to Iceland, the average fuel saving was 22% for a constant brake power without foils that corresponds to a calm-water speed of 14 knots.

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A ship harnessing all its required energy from the wind, waves and sun is proposed. The ship employs five wingsails and two spring-loaded wavefoils — one ahead of the bow and the other astern of the stern. In addition, the deck is covered with solar panels, which generate electricity for use aboard the ship. The wind speed is calculated from wave scatter tables, by finding the wind component of the waves from the two-peaked Torsethaugen wave spectrum and assuming unlimited fetch and fully developed sea. Wingsail and wavefoil forces are calculated using a dynamic stall model and implemented in a time-domain ship simulator. Statistical estimates of the ship speed are calculated for the route Ponta Delgada, Azores - Funchal, Madeira, round-trip, for all four seasons. The expected ship speeds are about 6 knots, and the standard deviations are about 5 knots.