Biogenic amines are formed in some foods, especially fish and fish products as a result of the process of decarboxylation of free amino acids in food. The histamine (scombroid) poisoning arises from ingestion foods containing relatively high levels of histamine and other amines that act as histamine potentiators. Therefore, this study aims to explore the level of contamination by biogenic amines in fish and fish products in shore of Thuel -Saudi Arabia. One hundred and twenty of different fish samples were collected from Thuel shore markets. The biogenic amines histamine, cadaverine, putrescine and tyramine were determined in all samples and also in selected fish samples held iced for 0, 24 and 48 h. The effect of the commercial frying process on biogenic amines level was also tested using two different types of fish. Quantitative thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis was used in biogenic amines determination. There are significant differences between the tested samples and the highest mean (mg/100 g) of putrescine. Cadaverine, histamine and tyramine were in loat fish (6.57), Baiad (3.348), Hareed (4.82) and Baiad (1.38), respectively. Significant increases in the level of biogenic amines were observed in fish held iced at 0, 24, and 48 h. A significant increase of histamine level was noticed in selected fish after commercial frying process.
Control charts are a valuable assessment tool in the healthcare industry. The ease of use of these trending charts is crucial to obtain timely important results with minimum time and efforts. The current case showed analysis of nonnormal data to obtain control charts with useful output without using exhaustive different means of transformation and/or omitting aberrant numbers. Raw results for the quality of purified water from water treatment plant that converts municipal water to purified water were collected from two points-of-use -(ζ and Ψ). Data gathered were conductivity and total organic carbon (TOC) measurements. The statistical processing and control charts were done using commercial statistical software package. Statistical analysis of data showed that conductivity and TOC results of both points did not follow Gaussian distribution except TOC of point Ψ where it passed normality test, but they were closest to other distributions. There were several observations of outlier values from the results. Moreover, data normalization did not improve after removal of the extreme values. Data were switched to be interpreted using Laneymodified attribute control charts and compared with the original results drawn using individual-moving range (I-MR). Interestingly, both types of control charts agreed regarding control limits and some alarm points. I-MR and Laneyattribute charts could be used for non-normal data with unusual other types of distributions that may not be suitable for conventional types of control charts with the variable charts possess greater sensitivity of alarm detection over the attribute charts.
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