Based on American Diabetes Association (ADA), diabetes can be classified into the following general categories: type 1 diabetes (T1D), type 2 diabetes (T2D), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and specific types of diabetes due to other cause. Obesity is by far the main underlying factor causing T2D and its pathological potential lies in obesity-associated insulin resistance, activation of innate immunity and chronic low-grade inflammation. When tissue inflammation induced, tissue destruction occurs, 'self' antigens, which are generally not accessible to T cells, can be released from the affected tissues and promote autoimmune activation. The 4 major autoantibodies are islet-cell cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ICA), glutamid acid decarboxylase antibody (GADA), islet antigen-2 antibody (IA-2A) and insulin autoantibodies (IAA). In addition, ZnT8A has recently been found to predict T1D. ZnT8 is contained in the islets of Langerhans, with the highest expression is in β cells of the pancreas. ZnT8A measurements simultaneously with GADA, IA-2A and IAA achieve rates of 98% detection for onset level of autoimmune diabetes. Presence of antibodies in T2D also shows the potential serious complications compared with T2D without antibodies. The combination of GADA, IA-2A and ZnT8A can be suggested as the most powerful and cost-effective diagnostic approach in patients with T1D.Keywords: autoantibody, autoimmune, diabetes mellitus, ICA, GADA, IA-2A, IAA, ZnT8A

BACKGROUND: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ, or also known as nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group C member 3 (NR1C3), is a PPAR which serves as master regulator of adipocytes differentiation, and plays an important role in lipid metabolism or adipogenesis. Recent study showed that PPAR-γ is expressed in most tissue and also has critical impact in many metabolic homeostasis disorders.CONTENT: Dysregulation of PPAR-γ is correlated to the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, acute kidney injury, autoimmune disease, gastrointestinal disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Abundant number of new emerging compounds, with in vitro and in vivo effectiveness as natural and synthetic agonists of PPARs, are investigated, developed and used as the treatment of metabolic disorders of glucose and/or lipid and other diseases.SUMMARY: Based on all studies explanation, targeting PPAR-γ is proven to be a good therapeutic method for reducing negative effect of several metabolic homeostasis disorder. Now, many natural and synthetic agonists of PPARs are used as the treatment of metabolic disorders of glucose and/or lipid or another metabolic homeostasis disorder. Such agonists have different properties and specificities for individual PPARs receptors, different absorption and distribution, and distinctive gene expression profiles, which ultimately lead to different clinical outcomes.KEYWORDS: PPAR-γ, dysregulation, agonist, adipogenesis, metabolic disorder, homeostasis