Timbal (Pb) merupakan salah satu jenis logam berat berbahaya yang bersifat toksik bagi tubuh manusia. Timbal terdapat di udara dalam bentuk pencemaran udara yang dihasilkan oleh bahan bakar kendaraan bermotor. Menurut WHO tahun 1995 tingkat kadar timbal di tubuh manusia dibagi menjadi 3 tingkatan yaitu, rendah (<10ppm), sedang (10-20 ppm), ataupun tinggi (>20 ppm) sesuai kategori pencemaran. Tukang becak dan pedagang asongan sangat sering berada di jalan raya, yang tentunya mereka akan sangat sering terpapar oleh asap kendaraan yang mengandung Pb. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat pencemaran kadar Pb pada rambut tukang becak dan pedagang asongan yang berada di sekitaran Jalan Kapten Muslim Medan. Dari keseluruhan populasi diambil masing-masing secara acak 4 (empat) sampel rambut dari tukang becak dan pedagang asongan, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan pemeriksaan menggunakan alat SSA (Spektrofotometer Serapan Atom). Dari hasil penelitiaan secara keseluruhan diperoleh bahwa 1 (satu) diantaranya pada tingkat keracunan tinggi (20,138 ppm), kemudian 2 (dua) pada tingkat keracunan sedang (10,697 - 16,69 ppm), dan 5 (lima) lainnya pada tingkat keracunan rendah (0,862≈4,533 ppm) Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa hampir seluruh tukang becak dan pedagang asongan di sekitaran Jalan Kapten Muslim Medan sudah keracunan logam berat Pb dalam tubuhnya.

Salah satu tanaman herbal yang memiliki sifat antibakteri dapat digunakan dalam bentuk sediaan sabun padat antiseptik adalah kulit buah jeruk lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm.F.). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan komposisi optimum sediaan sabun padat antiseptik dari ekstrak etanol kulit jeruk lemon berdasarkan persyaratan yang ditetapkan oleh SNI 06-4085-1996 serta uji aktifitas antibakteri. Uji aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan dengan metode sumuran. Pemeriksaan karakteristik simplisia dilakukan dengan uji skrining fitokimia. Evaluasi sediaan sabun padat antiseptik dilakukan dengan uji organoleptik, uji pH, uji homogenitas, uji tinggi busa dan uji aktivitas antibakteri. Variasi konsentrasi sediaan sabun padat antiseptik adalah F1(5%), F2(10%) dan F3(15%). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan hasil uji skrining fitokimia kulit jeruk lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm.F.) mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder yaitu alkaloid, flavonoid dan triterpenoid berfungsi sebagai antibakteri. Sabun padat antiseptik yang dibuat dari ekstrak etanol kulit jeruk lemon sudah memenuhi persyaratan yang ditetapkan oleh SNI 06-4085-1996 yaitu sabun berbentuk padat dan homogen, beraroma jeruk lemon dengan pH 8,71-10.52, tinggi busa 4,7–4,9 cm, serta alkali bebas dalam kondisi aman terhadap kulit. Berdasarkan hasil uji aktivitas antibakteri sediaan sabun padat antiseptik ekstrak etanol kulit jeruk lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm.F.) dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Pada konsentrasi F1(5%) memiliki zona daya hambat sedang sebesar 10.26 mm; pada konsentrasi F2(10%) memiliki zona daya hambat kuat sebesar 11.78 mm; pada konsentrasi F3(15%) memiliki zona daya hambat kuat sebesar 12.57 mm.  Ekstrak kulit jeruk lemon dapat diformulasikan menjadi sabun padat antiseptik dengan konsentrasi yang optimum yaitu F3(15%).

Lemon peel waste (Citrus limon (L.) Burm.F.) contains secondary metabolites that function as antibacterials, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and triterpenoids. This study aims to determine the formulation of antiseptic solid soap and the antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extract of the lemon peel by the diffusion method. The results showed the best formula for making antiseptic solid soap with ethanolic extract of lemon peel based on the requirements of SNI 06-4085-1996 was at a concentration of F3 (15%), homogeneous, had a pH of 8.54-9.82, foam height was around 3.5-4.7 cm, and a strong inhibition zone of about 12.48 mm. The conclusion of this study is that lemon peel has antibacterial properties that can kill the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.

Textile liquid waste contains organic compounds and suspended solids such as BOD, COD, and TSS, which can cause environmental pollution. This study aims to determine the levels of BOD, COD, and TSS in textile wastewater using activated charcoal from the skin of salak before and after activation with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) at a concentration of 6%.The research results that have been carried out, on the making of activated charcoal from the skin of salak have been successfully carried out and meet the requirements of SNI 06-3730-1995, obtaining 2.4% water content, 2.3% ash content, and 476 mg/L iodine absorption. FT-IR spectrum analysis activated charcoal from the skin of salak has an O-H hydroxyl group at the peak of 3817 cm-1, C=O carbonyl group at 1713 cm-1, and C-O ether group at 1175 cm-1. FT-IR spectrum analysis activated charcoal from the skin of salak has O-H hydroxyl group at the peak of 3817 cm-1, C=O carbonyl group at 1713 cm-1, and C-O ether group at 1175 cm-1. Based on SEM analysis, activated charcoal from activated skin of salak has larger pores and surface area than before activation. Based on atomic absorption spectrophotometry analysis of textile wastewater without the addition of activated charcoal, the levels of BOD were 480 mg/L, COD 650 mg/L, and TSS 470 mg/L. After the addition of unactivated activated charcoal, the levels of BOD were 120 mg/L, COD 150 mg/L, and TSS 140 mg/L. After the addition of activated charcoal, BOD levels were 60 mg/L, COD 80 mg/L, and TSS 95 mg/L.This study concludes that activated charcoal from the skin of salak can reduce, levels of BOD, COD, and TSS in textile waste and has met the requirements set out in the Regulation of the Minister of the Environment of the Republic of Indonesia Number 5 of 2014.

Acid fast bacteria (AFB) are cell walls containing complex lipids so that in Ziehl-Neelsen staining they can bind dyes because they are not washed off by 3% HCl Alcohol (Alcoholic Acid). One of the host factors in pulmonary tuberculosis is smoking habits and exposure. Smoking habits will damage the defense mechanism of the lungs, which causes the lungs to be more easily infected with tuberculosis germs. The purpose of this study was to determine the results of analysis of acid-fast bacteria in the sputum of active smokers. The research method used was descriptive cross-sectional by examining acid-fast bacteria in the sputum of active smokers suspected of having pulmonary tuberculosis by microscopic examination of sputum (direct smear smear) using the Ziehl-Neelsen staining method. smear examination with Ziehl-Neelsen staining in patients with tuberculosis at Putri Hijau Hospital in 2022, totaling 20 samples, found 4 positive results and 16 samples with negative results.