Background Elephantopus scaber (ES) and Sauropus androgynous (SA) have been frequently reported to possess antibacterial activity through in vitro, but in vivo studies about the protective effect of combined ES and SA have acquired less attention. Objectives To evaluate protective effect of combined ethanol extract of ES and SA on hormone imbalance and renal and hepatic necrosis formation in Escherichia coli -infected pregnant mice. Materials and methods A total of 28 pregnant Balb/c mice were divided into seven groups (n = 4): control, E. coli -infected pregnant mice, infected pregnant mice received 200 mg/kg ES, infected pregnant mice received combined 150 mg/kg ES and 37.5 mg/kg SA (75:25), 100 mg/kg ES and 75 mg/kg SA (50:50) , 50 mg/kg ES and 112.5 mg/kg SA (25:75), and only 150 mg/kg SA. Pregnant mice were orally treated with combined ES and SA on day 1–4th of pregnancy. On the 4th day, mice were infected with 10 7 CFU/mL of E. coli and continuously treated with ES and SA until the 16th day of pregnancy. After treatment, the kidney and liver were prepared for histological examination using H&E staining. The blood serum was collected in each stage of pregnancy and measured by ELISA assays. Results Combined ES and SA gave an impact on altering the prolactin level. Combined ES and SA at ratio dose 75:25 was able to restore progesterone to normal levels (P < 0.05). The level of estradiol (E2) was relatively stable in the presence of E. coli and treatment. Treatment with 200 mg/kg ES, combined 50 mg/kg ES and 112.5 mg/kg SA (25:75) and 100 mg/kg ES and 75 mg/kg SA (50:50) demonstrated an immunomodulatory effect on the Gr1 + cell of E. coli treated-pregnant mice. E. coli infection significantly increased renal tubules and hepatic necrosis in pregnant mice compared to control (P < 0.05). Combined SA and ES at ratio dose 75:25 significantly demonstrated remarkable renal and hepatic protection activity in infected pregnant mice. Conclusion The present study provided the establishment of combined ES and SA could be used to invent potent hormonal balancing agent and hepato-renal protective agent in infected pregnant mice.

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Osteoarthritis is a chronic joint disease that causes pain, disability, and loss of function. More than 80% of cases of osteoarthritis affect the knee joint. The exact cause of knee osteoarthritis is still unknown, but it is generally associated with aging and obesity. This study aimed to determine the relationship between age and the severity of knee osteoarthritis. This research used a cross-sectional study involving patients who suffered from knee osteoarthritis. Data on gender and the severity of osteoarthritis was collected from medical records. The severity of knee osteoarthritis was assessed using the Kellgren-Lawrence system. The data was analyzed using the Spearman correlation. There were 3 patients (8.1%) in the category of late adulthood, 7 patients (18.9%) in the middle-aged category, 13 patients (35.1%) in the early-onset elderly category, and 14 patients (37.8%) in the elderly. Seven patients (23.7%) suffered from osteoarthritis grade 1, 13 patients (35.1%) had grade 2, 16 patients (43.2%) had grade 3, and one patient had grade 4. The Spearman test showed that there was no significant relationship (p>0.05) between age and the severity of knee osteoarthritis. According to the study's findings, there was no correlation between age and the severity of knee osteoarthritis in women and men patients at Baptis Hospital, Batu City.

Introduction and Aim: Osteoarthritis is a pathological condition of the joints that is degenerative and progressive, affecting two-thirds of people over 65 years of age, with a prevalence of 1.39 million among males and 1.69 million in females. The main clinical manifestation of osteoarthritis is joint pain. The incidence and progression of knee osteoarthritis are strongly influenced by risk factors, consisting of systemic factors including age, sex, hormonal factors, and biomechanical factors such as obesity, physical activity, and muscle weakness. The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a relationship between physical activity, the severity of knee osteoarthritis and the level of pain based on the Kellgren-Lawrence system in gender.   Materials and Methods: This research was conducted in a cross-sectional design with 26 participants at Baptis Hospital in Batu City. As references for the interview, the GPPAQ and the WOMAC questionnaire were used. The Kellgren-Lawrence system is used to assess knee osteoarthritis.   Results: The Spearman correlation test results showed no significant relationship between physical activity and the severity of knee osteoarthritis, and no significance between physical activity and the degree of pain in general or by gender.   Conclusion: There was no statistically significant relationship between physical activity with the severity of knee osteoarthritis and the level of pain in males and females patients at Baptis Hospital in Batu City.

Osteoarthritis is a chronic global and musculoskeletal disorder. This disease is associated with reduced articular cartilage integrity. The most commonly affected joint is the knee, followed by the hand and the hip. Knee osteoarthritis is associated with aging, obesity, articular cartilage, fatigue, trauma, and congenital joint deformities. Excess body weight is a factor that will exacerbate osteoarthritis. There are still meta-analysis studies involving cohort and case-control studies on osteoarthritis and body mass index (BMI) available, but the relationship between the two variables is still not assessed quantitatively. In addition, research on knee osteoarthritis and BMI is still limited, particularly at Baptis Hospital, where it has never been done. As a result, this study was carried out to determine the relationship between BMI and the degree of knee osteoarthritis. This retrospective cross-sectional study involved 33 patients who suffered from knee osteoarthritis. Data were collected from medical records, and the Kellgren-Lawrence system to assess the degree of knee osteoarthritis based on radiology findings. A total of 7 patients (21.2%) suffered from osteoarthritis grade 1, 10 patients (30.3%) had degree 2, 15 patients (45.5%) had degree 3, and one patient had degree 4. The Spearman correlation test showed that there was no significant relationship (p>0.05). So, it can be concluded from this study that there was no correlation between BMI and the degree of knee osteoarthritis patients at Baptis Hospital, Batu City.