The article analyzes the relevant in modern sociolinguistic conditions notion of "native speaker". The identification of traits, or linguistic markers, determining whether the speaker is a "native speaker" has a high practical significance. A pronunciation marker, a grammar marker, a lexical marker, a semantic marker and an extra-linguistic marker, which can most accurately demonstrate the level of language proficiency, and also show whether a person is a representative of a certain cultural and linguistic community, will help to recognize a foreign citizen as a language speaker of the Russian language. As an illustrative material, the article offers original authoring of special tasks and a system for the evaluation of the answers of applicants for recognition as a native speaker.

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The article discusses the relationship between prototype and correlative borrowing in the aspect of contact linguistics. The process of assimilation of foreign lexis implies its adaptation at various levels of the receiving language, including the lexical one. Semantic assimilation of a foreign lexeme is the central point in its development. Adaptation at the level of semantics is a process that involves inclusion of a foreign word in the lexical system of the receiving language and leads to a change in the volume of semantic values of the original lexical item. In this paper, the authors have developed and described the types of semantic modifications of borrowings in diachrony, which has recently become most relevant in light of language contacts intensification. The mechanisms of semantic transformations of foreign words, which ultimately supplement various lexical and thematic groups of the Russian language, are also revealed. Different types of changes at the level of semantics are connected with differences in quantitative and qualitative character, which is expressed in the tendency to change the original semantic structure of the word.

The present study focuses on the comparative description of the concepts of the unreal world in Russian and English. The research of mythological and religious ideas about the unreal world which is specific to speakers of two languages has been taken to study in ethnography, folkloristics and culturology. At the same time, the linguistic study of this phenomenon was sporadic, both in the conceptology and in comparison of multi-structural languages. The above-mentioned determines the relevance of this srudy, which attempts to define the nature of the concepts of "angel" as a subject of the unreal world, which are peculiar to native speakers of Russian and English. The lexeme αγγελος was borrowed by the Old Russian and Old English languages areas as part of the cult vocabulary. Originally, the functioning of the mentioned lexeme in both languages was limited to the Holy Scripture, in the texts of which this lexical unit was used in two main meanings: ангел 1 / angel 1 "according to religious ideas, a supernatural disembodied creature, a good spirit" and ангел 2 / angel 2"according to religious ideas, a supernatural disembodied creature, an evil spirit'. These lexical-semantic variants are an example of a quite rare linguistic phenomenon of enantiosemya type of antonymy, when as the antonyms act not separate lexical units, but lexical-semantic variants of the same word. The lexical compatibility of these lexical-semantic variants contributes to their distinction in the texts of Holy Scripture. In addition, in the Russian texts of the Holy Scripture, the lexeme angel has another lexicalsemantic variant, which serves to denote John the Baptist. Further based on values of the lexemes ангел 1 / angel 1 the new lexical-semantic variants were developed in both languages. They were semantically identical and differentiated in meaning. The structural comparison of the intra-word semantic paradigm of the lexemes ангел / angel clearly illustrates the thesis that the measure of polysemy of the same word is distinct in different languages. The linguistic and conceptual analysis of the imagery of the language of the Russian classical poetry made it possible to identify some of the motivational features underlying the name of the angel as a subject of the unreal world, and therefore to reconstruct the approach of human thought to this phenomenon, as it was when the word was created.

The present study focuses on the comparative description of the concepts of the unreal world in Russian and English. The research of mythological and religious ideas about the unreal world which is specific to speakers of two languages has been taken to study in ethnography, folkloristics and culturology. At the same time, the linguistic study of this phenomenon was sporadic, both in the conceptology and in comparison of multi-structural languages. The above-mentioned determines the relevance of this srudy, which attempts to define the nature of the concepts of "angel" as a subject of the unreal world, which are peculiar to native speakers of Russian and English. The lexeme αγγελος was borrowed by the Old Russian and Old English languages areas as part of the cult vocabulary. Originally, the functioning of the mentioned lexeme in both languages was limited to the Holy Scripture, in the texts of which this lexical unit was used in two main meanings: ангел 1 / angel 1 'according to religious ideas, a supernatural disembodied creature, a good spirit' and ангел 2 / angel 2'according to religious ideas, a supernatural disembodied creature, an evil spirit'. These lexical-semantic variants are an example of a quite rare linguistic phenomenon of enantiosemya type of antonymy, when as the antonyms act not separate lexical units, but lexical-semantic variants of the same word. The lexical compatibility of these lexical-semantic variants contributes to their distinction in the texts of Holy Scripture. In addition, in the Russian texts of the Holy Scripture, the lexeme angel has another lexicalsemantic variant, which serves to denote John the Baptist. Further based on values of the lexemes ангел 1 / angel 1 the new lexical-semantic variants were developed in both languages. They were semantically identical and differentiated in meaning. The structural comparison of the intra-word semantic paradigm of the lexemes ангел / angel clearly illustrates the thesis that the measure of polysemy of the same word is distinct in different languages. The linguistic and conceptual analysis of the imagery of the language of the Russian classical poetry made it possible to identify some of the motivational features underlying the name of the angel as a subject of the unreal world, and therefore to reconstruct the approach of human thought to this phenomenon, as it was when the word was created.