1. Вводные положения. Невозможность исполнения обязательства пред-ставляет собой классический пример института гражданского права, создан-ного на основе детально разработанной апологетами пандектной школы пра-ва доктрины и затем реципированного в том или ином виде большинством стран романо-германской правовой семьи, но в настоящее время претерпе-вающего реформирование под влиянием таких актов lex mercatoria, как Принципы международных коммерческих договоров УНИДРУА (UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts), Принципы европейского до-говорного права (Principles of European Contract Law) и Модельные правила европейского частного права (Draft Common Frame of Reference)1 . Многие положения указанных актов (их иначе называют актами «мягкого права», soft law), в том числе касающиеся невозможности исполнения обязательства, бы-ли сформулированы с учетом подходов англо-саксонского права к регулиро-ванию гражданско-правовых отношений. В связи с этим рассматриваемый институт как «поле борьбы» правовых традиций, постепенно принимающей форму гармонизации, представляет большой интерес, а его изучение для по-нимания сути процесса «правовой глобализации» нельзя не признать акту-альным.Поскольку любое правовое регулирование отношений, связанных с воз-никновением невозможности исполнения обязательства, так или иначе пред-полагает сравнение с традиционным пандектным подходом к этой проблеме, разработанным немецким цивилистом Фридрихом Моммзеном (Friedrich 1 Вопросы регулирования отношений, связанных с возникновением невозможности исполнения обязательства, актами lex mercatoria рассмотрены автором в диссертации на соискание ученой степе-ни к. ю. н. и ранее опубликованной статье [1. С. 43-47, 61-71; 2].

Статья посвящена проблеме допустимости установления преимущественных прав договором и специфике защиты таких прав. С опорой на анализ системы преимущественных прав Германии авторы приходят к выводу о необходимости устранения укоренившихся в сознании российских юристов сомнений относительно возможности установления преимущественных прав договором и распространения на них традиционного режима защиты прав-преимуществ посредством создания механизма придания им публичности. Ключевые слова: договорные преимущественные права, преимущественное право покупки, немецкое гражданское право, реформа российского гражданского законодательства.

The article is devoted to assessment of quantitative and qualitative human capital reproduction in energy-efficient economy provided by research of correlation between dynamics of energy consumption and transformation of life quality. The purpose of the research is to assess the role of energy-efficient economy in shaping of the conditions for human capital reproduction as a way of investment into its qualitative development. To achieve this purpose transformation of traditional spheres of sustainable development together with the implementation of the energy-efficient economy approaches in terms of maintaining of quality of human capital are considered. We conduct a study comparing several dependencies: development of productive powers -increasing requirements for the quality of human capital; ensuring effective reproduction -improving the quality of life, improving the quality of life associated with the economic system; GDPenergy consumption; GDP -CO 2 emissions. The object of the study is dynamics of indicators characterizing the above dependencies, a number of the countriesmembers of the OECDhaving an expanded human capital reproduction. Examined countries demonstrate correlation between energy efficiency of economy and quality of human capital with rather a wide variability of chosen indicators. Results of the research may become a base for forecast of development of studied indicators and their factors.

Problems associated with the possibility of the stipulation of preemptive rights by contract and their effective protection are researched in this article. Based on the examples of German, French and Swiss civil legislation, we establish that contractual preemption is widely used in Europe as a convenient instrument to formalize the interests of the participants in a civil turnover. In this connection, in Russian civil doctrine, the widespread idea that preemptive rights may be stipulated only by law, not by contract, should be revised.We state that the essence of the institution of preemptive rights predetermines its remedy. Historically Russian civil law provides specific remedy in case of breach of the most spread statutory preemptive rights. It is a claim by the entitled person (holder of preemption) against a third party (counterparty of obliged person whose contract breached the preemption) to transfer from the third party to the entitled person the rights and duties that arose under the contract between the third party and the obliged person. This remedy is more efficient for the entitled person than damages. In accordance with the principle of good faith, it may be used only in cases in which the third party knew or should have known about preemption. However, this requirement is complied in relation to protection of statutory preemptions only. As far as both contractual preemptive rights and contracts stipulated the latter are not recognized and not registered in Russia, such suit will be dismissed by court. The lack of effective protection of contractual preemptions impedes the creation of full-fledge system of preemptive rights in Russian civil law.In order to create effective mechanism of protection of contractual preemptive rights by giving the participants of a civil turnover the opportunity to ascertain if there is a contractual preemptions, we suggest that Russian civil legislation should be added by two registration systems. The first is a system for the registration of contracts that stipulate preemptions over immovable property (or registration of the preemptions itself which is better) provided by the Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography of the Russian Federation. The second is a system for the registration of notifications on the conclusion of contracts that stipulate contractual preemptive rights over movable things that could be established by an expansion of the existing system for the e-registration of notifications оf pledges of movable things under the jurisdiction of the Federal Chamber of Notaries of the Russian Federation.

an obligation, as it is currently stated, to the granting to the parties the right to withdraw from a contract.