<p>Penalties in judo result from negative actions that are not in line with judo combat regulations. The aim of the research was to determine the differences in penalties between winner and non-winner competitors in judo. A total of 1799 (men=1133 and women=666) matches with penalties were evaluated during 2017, 2018 and 2019 World Judo Championships. The variables were expressed as proportions and compared with the Chi-Square test with pairwise Z-tests. The ratio of receiving the first and second <em>shido</em> was the same in men and women athletes (<em>p</em>&gt;.05), but it was different for weight categories (<em>p</em>&lt;.05). The ratio of <em>shido</em> penalty was different between winner and non-winner athletes, the ratio of the second <em>shido</em> was lower in winner athletes (<em>p</em>&lt;.05). While the ratio of forbidden action was the same in winner and non-winner athletes (<em>p</em>&gt;.05), the ratio of forbidden actions in the first and second <em>shido</em> differed (<em>p</em>&lt;.05). The difference in the penalty ratios in winner and non-winner athletes, especially the difference in forbidden actions leading to first and second <em>shido </em>may reflect some tactical differences. The results of this research can significantly contribute to the understanding of the significance of judo penalties both in training and in competition, as well as to the further study of judo penalties.</p>

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine the normative values of muscles&rsquo; contractile properties, lateral symmetry, and the impact of aging on muscle contractility in gymnastics. Materials and Methods: A survey of 81 athletes from different disciplines was undertaken: MAG (n = 26), WAG (n = 28), and RG (n = 27). The athletes&rsquo; average age was 15.41 &plusmn; 5.03 years. We try to establish the normative values for contraction time (muscle pairs) in gymnastics for Slovenian athletes for ten skeletal muscles. Results: Athletes&rsquo; age affects contractility in a negative way. Differences between the duration of contractility and age were found in all disciplines: m. BF (r = 0.48, p &lt; 0.001), m. TB (r = 0.37, p &lt; 0.013), m. ES (r = 0.17, p &lt; 0.025), m. VL (r = 0.36, p &lt; 0.00) and m. VM (r = 0.40, p &lt; 0.000) at a statistical significance of p &lt; 0.05. Conclusions: A comparison between the left and right sides shows little asymmetry in WAG and that the occurrence of injuries is in the middle range. In RG we see a bigger deviation, which could trigger the emergence of pain or injury in m. BF (13%) and m. GL (14.5%), but in MAG the deviation is greater in m. BB (12%), m. BF (11%) and m. GM (13%).

The aim of this research is to identify the motivational structure of recreational exercisers and to investigate differences in motivation with respect to gender, ie to determine the hierarchy of motives for which they choose recreational exercise. This research shows that the strongest motivation for recreational exercise is maintaining and improving health, and certainly relaxation. After them, the most important motivation is socializing and meeting new people, and improving and maintaining physical ability. The research also showed that there are very small differences in the motives for exercise in relation to the age of the respondents, and they are reflected in good looks and fun, while relaxation and relaxation and improvement and maintenance of physical ability are equally important for all ages.

Korespondencija : dr. sci. Ekrem Čolakhodžić, Univerzitet "Džemal Bijedić" u Mostaru Nastavnički fakultet, ekrem.colakhodzic@unmo.ba Apstrakt: Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrđivanje razlika u ventilacijskim parametrima između dječaka i djevojčica u uzrasnom periodu od 10-15 godine. Ispitivanje je provedeno na uzorku od N=1857 ispitanika koji je podijeljen na 2 subuzorka uzeta iz populacije dječaka (n=968) i djevojčica (n=889) sa područja grada Mostara. Uzorak varijabli činile su 3 varijable za procjenu antropometrijskih mjera, za procjenu ventilacijskih parametara korištene su 24 varijable uzete pomoću spirometra marke Spirovit SP1 fi rme Schiller AG. Obrada rezultata izvršena je u programskom paketu SPSS 21.0. Za utvrđivanje kvantitativnih razlika između grupa, primjenjena je kanonička diskriminativna analiza. Diskriminativnom analizom utvrđeno je da postoje statistički značajne kvantitativne razlike između grupa dječaka i djevojčica na globalnom nivou. Izolovana je jedna funkcija koja objašnjava 100% ukupne varijance i ima statistički značajno visoku vrijednost (Can. Corr. = .948). Vrijednost Wilk'sove lambde je niska (.101) što ukazuje na visoku diskriminativnost između grupa. U kvantitativnom smislu na multivarijantnom nivou najveću diskriminaciju između grupa u izolovanoj funkciji čine varijable Tiffeneovog indeksa (FEV1/FVC PRED ), FEF50 PRED , FEF75 PRED i varijabla procenta Tiffeneovog indeksa za ispitanike (FEV1/FVC%). Ovome u prilog ide i vrijednost položaja centroida na izolovanoj diskriminativnoj funkciji, gdje vidimo veliku udaljenost između centroida koji predstavljaju grupe dječaka i djevojčica u prostoru. Ključne riječi: ventilacija, spirometrija, djeca, diskriminativna analiza. UVODVentilacija je razmjena plinova između vanjske sredine (atmosfere) i alveolarnih prostora u plućima i obratno. Ispituje se metodom spirometrije i tjelesne ple-Abstract: The aim of the study was to determine the

Background: It is crucial to evaluate children’s motor coordination and strength to identify possible motor deficits on the right or left side of the body. However, whether a distinction exists in children aged 3–6 must be clarified. The goal of the current research was to investigate the differences in motor skills between preschool boys and girls, dominant and non-dominant hands or legs, in children of preschool age. (2) Methods: The present study was conducted on a sample of children (boys, n = 52; girls, n = 52; age range, 3–6 years). Three motor tests evaluated on both sides of the body served as the sample of factors used to measure athletic performance. Leg tapping (15 s), hand tapping (15 s), and a maximal hand grip strength (HGS) test kg. (3) Results: The study’s findings show no statistically significant variations in preschool boys’ and girls’ motor skills. Preschool girls had better results in the right leg tapping than preschool boys t (98) = 2.08; p ≤ 0.04. We found a significant difference between genders aged 3–4, 4–5, and 5–6 years. No correlation was found between the girls’ three variables and age. A small but significant positive correlation was found between dominant hand tapping and age r2 (52) = 0.21; p ≤ 0.01, dominant leg tapping and age r2 (52) = 0.20; p ≤ 0.01 and dominant HGS and age r2 (52) = 0.17; p ≤ 0.01. No noticeable differences were identified when comparing the dominant side with the non-dominant side in each group. The results show that most children prefer to use their right hand and right leg as their dominant sides. (4) Conclusion: The authors of this study focus on the functional (frequency of movements) and dynamic (differences in muscle strength between body sides) elements of asymmetry. Future studies should examine the influence of morphology on performance with the dominant or non-dominant body side.