Undoubtedly, religion is one of the main factors that increasingly contribute to the shaping of international relations. As it was in the European middle ages, religion and geopolitics have always had ties of one sort or another. Imperialism and nationalist doctrines have found purpose and justification in religious differences and, religious zealotry was functioned to be both cause and consequence of the concentration of state power and the rivalries among existing competitors. The involvement of numerous religious groups and movements in the political scene led the situation to be extremely complicated. The purpose of this article is to see to what extent religion as a soft power has a role in forming international politics. Also, to discuss the role the superpowers and regional powers play in dealing with the question of religious issues. With an argument that these issues including religious conflicts are led by international and regional powers which function these groups in a proxy war to be part of their rivalry overpower, and to achieve their national interests through their foreign policies at the cost of considerable environmental degradation and a massive death toll of people.

ملخص تبرز أهمية هذه الدراسة في تسليط الضوء على مفهوم الوحدة العربية كمبدأ أساسي في السياسة الخارجية الليبية خلال الفترة من 1969 إلى 1999. حيث مثلت قضية الوحدة العربية الهدف المركزي للسياسة الخارجية الليبية خلال تلك الفترة، وهذا يعتبر إشكالية هذه الدراسة أيضاً. الهدف الأساسي لهذه الدراسة يكمن في دراسة الوحدة العربية كهدف رئيس للسياسة الخارجية الليبية خلال الفترة موضوع الدراسة، والمشاريع الوحدوية العديدة على مدى ثلاثة عقود من خلال تحليل الوثائق. اعتمدت الدراسة المنهج التاريخي وذلك بتتبع وتحليل تلك الوثائق في إطارها التاريخي. كما اعتمدت الدراسة المنهج التحليلي في مقاربتها لتلك الوثائق بهدف التوصل لأهمية الوحدة العربية في السياسة الخارجية الليبية. تؤكد هذه الدراسة أن الهدف من الوحدة العربية تم تحديده أساسًا على عدة عوامل سياسية واقتصادية وأيديولوجية. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، تظهر الدراسة أن جميع محاولات تحقيق الوحدة العربية اتسمت بالتسرع، وعدم التخطيط العقلاني، وافتقارها إلى رؤية واضحة ودقيقة للسياسة الخارجية الليبية. Abstract This study highlights the concept of Arab unity as a cardinal principle in Libyan foreign policy during the period 1969-1999 of Gaddafi epoch. During this period Arab unity, which is also the essential issue of this study, became the core goal for Libyan foreign relations. The major objective of this study is to analyse Arab Unity Documents during that period to determine the orientation of Libyan foreign policy towards the unity issue. The study has used the historical approach to analyse the unity documents in their historical context. In addition to this, the study has used the analytical method in order to identify and analyse all unity attempts of Libyan foreign policy. This study underscores that the objective of Arab unity was mainly determined based on political, economic and ideological factors. In addition, the study shows that all attempts to achieve Arab unity were characterized by haste and lack of rational planning as well as lack of clear and careful vision in Libyan foreign policy.

This paper presents essential aspects of the State of Qatar foreign aid policy (QFAP), which is closely tied to the wider country’s foreign policy. The study traces and explains vital foundations of the country’s foreign aid policy framework and its decision-making process, mainly the guiding documents and operative institutions. Evidently, the content and structure of these two technical elements reflect the political and socio-cultural background as well as the regional and global surrounding of the state of Qatar. Although it is an emerging donor, Qatar’s aid documents and institutions are showing radical development and prestigious institutionalizing. The technical guidance and the inclusiveness of QFAP documents and widespread operations of its institutions show that Qatar has further benefited from its partnerships and global engagements to advance its aid policy making. This research used face-to-face interviews with key Qatari officials and scrutinized the state official documents and quoted speeches and statements, in addition to other relevant academic materials. Keywords: Foreign Aid Policy, Qatar, Documents, Institutions, Policy-Making.             Abstrak Artikel ini membentangkan aspek dasar bantuan luar negeri Qatar (QFAP), yang berkait rapat dengan rangka kerja umum dasar luar negeri yang lebih luas. Kajian ini mengesan dan menerangkan 2 asas penting rangka kerja dasar bantuan asing negara dan proses membuat keputusannya; iaitu dokumen panduan dan institusi pelaksana. Melalui kajian ini, jelas menunjukkan bahawa kandungan dan struktur kedua-dua elemen teknikal ini mencerminkan latar belakang politik dan sosio-budaya serta persekitaran serantau dan global negara Qatar. Walaupun Qatar merupakan penderma yang baru menonjolkan diri dalam landskap bantuan global, namun dokumen dan institusi bantuan Qatar menunjukkan ia sebagai perkembangan positif dan institusi yang berprestij. Panduan teknikal dan keterangkuman dokumen QFAP dan operasi meluas institusinya menunjukkan bahawa Qatar telah terus mendapat manfaat daripada perkongsian dan penglibatan globalnya untuk memajukan pembentukan dasar bantuannya. Kajian ini dijalankan berdasarkan temu bual langsung dengan para pegawai Qatar dan pakar yang berkaitan, di samping menganalisis dokumen dan laporan rasmi negara, memetik ucapan dan kenyataan rasmi, serta mengambil kira sumber akademik dan saintifik lain yang berkaitan. Kata Kunci:  Dasar Bantuan Asing, Qatar, Dokumen, Institusi, Proses Pembentukan Dasar.

Recently, the issue of women empowerment has gained scholarly interest. This is not only confined to theoretical debate but it has morphed into practical exercise whereby women nowadays have become more empowered and have been assuming an active role in society. However, little is known about the role of faith on women empowerment in this intellectual pursuit. This study takes a leap to investigate if there is a role of faith in Transformation of a society from tradition to modernity is what characterizes contemporary times. This is what takes place in the modernization process whereby change is a determinant factor. To modernize society is to develop multi-dimensional aspects. Those are economic, political, cultural, and social aspects. Hence, the concept of development is often associated with modernization as what Schmidt has specified in his theory of modernization is its emphasis on the economic and political subsystems including the educational system, the scientific system, the legal system, and the system of mass media (Schmidt, 2010).In the language of modernization, faith does not have a role in development. It is bygone past that is no longer relevant in modernization exercise. In fact, faith is believed to be an anti-thesis to modernity. This has procured in the period of industrial revolution period in Europe wherein the power of church had left Europe in  Markazosshabab al-Muslim fil Filibbin is the name of this Islamic organization being studied. It is an Arabic terminology which means Youth Center of the Philippines.