Local questionnaires Explanatory guidelines. Modern application techniques ensure that Pesticide reaches the target in satisfactory coverage and therefore reduces losses and environmental pollution. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization FAO / UN (2001) safety and quality standards for pesticide sprayers do not exist in all countries and even the existing standards for this type of equipment are often inappropriate for many countries. The present study is specified for orchards which could be considered as a nationalized version of the international standards applied already in the developed countries after re-adaptation to our local conditions, orchard varieties, climatic and social conditions, etc. This investigation depends on local data about this subject were collected by means of questionnaires covering five governorates in the delta and upper Egypt. The second part is the proposed standard and recommendations supporting the bio-efficacy of best control in a clean environment. The standard was divided from the general scheme of work to be followed strictly by the pest control team in order to a chive the required satisfactory results and explanatory guidelines, consists of four parts: 1-Legislation of the pesticides, spraying techniques; 2-Determination and adjustment of proper spray parameters and calibration; 3-Technical requirement of sprayer/atomizer and test procedure and 4-Obligatory (compulsory) check of the spraying machines and its components as, well the assisting ground services. The most important recommendation to achieve satisfactory pest control results is to take immediate and serious action towards the official legislation of the whole aspect of the spraying application techniques used in Egypt, which include: Certification of spraying machines, licensing of the applicator, and obligatory checks on spraying operation and machine performance; to define and adjust proper spray parameters capable to give the required optimum coverage on the treated fruit trees.

The journal of Toxicology and pest control is one of the series issued twice by the Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, and is devoted to publication of original papers related to the interaction between insects and their environment. The goal of the journal is to advance the scientific understanding of mechanisms of toxicity. Emphasis will be placed on toxic effects observed at relevant exposures, which have direct impact on safety evaluation and risk assessment. The journal therefore welcomes papers on biology ranging from molecular and cell biology, biochemistry and physiology to ecology and environment, also systematics, microbiology, toxicology, hydrobiology, radiobiology and biotechnology. www.eajbs.eg.net

This study was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of three insecticides (aphicides): (Vertimec, Malathion and Chloropyrifos), three plant extracts: (Neemazal, Azadirachta and Glycine) and three plant oils: (Citronella oil, Jojoba oil and Helianthus oil) on controlling Green Peach Aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) which infesting squash plants ( Cucurbita pepo L.) under greenhouse conditions. And this study was carried out at two locations (governorates), Perkash region (Giza Governorate) and Tokh region (Qaliobya governorate) during season 2021.At Giza Governorate, data obtained showed that the compounds effectively were arranged to descend as follows; insecticides, plant extracts and plant oils. Also, insecticides effectively were arranged to descend as follows (Vertimec, Malathion and Chloropyrifos), respectively, whereas the general effect % was 96.9, 96.5 and 96.1% respectively. The plant extracts effectively were arranged as follow: Neemazal, Azadirachta and Glycine, whereas the general effect % were 94.8, 94.3 and 94.1% respectively. Lastly, plant oils effectively were arranged as follows: Citronella oil, Jojoba oil and Helianthus oil respectively, whereas the general effect % was 91.8, 91.5 and 91.2% respectively.Vertimec proved itself to be the most insecticide effective, Neemazal proved itself to be the most plant extracts effective and Citronella oil proved itself to be the most plant oils effective. All extracts recorded significant differences between them and control.As the same trend data obtained at Qaliobya Governorate at the same season 2021.