Introduction: Endoscopy is a diagnostic procedure in which a flexible fiber optic tube passed into the esophagus, stomach and upper small intestine depending on the level at which lesions are anticipated. Because flexible endoscopes enter body cavities, they may acquire high levels of microbial contamination. Organic material (eg, blood, feces, and respiratory secretions) that collects in the channels and parts of the endoscope can be difficult to be removed. Aim of work: To assess nurses' knowledge and practice regarding infection control procedures during GIT endoscopies, to assess nurses' knowledge and practice regarding universal precautions during reprocessing techniques of GIT endoscopies, to evaluate the effect of training program on nurses' knowledge and practice regarding infection control procedures and endoscopies reprocessing procedures. Materials and methods: An experimental study (pre-post test) was conducted in GIT endoscopy unit in General Surgery department, Zagazig University Hospitals. All endoscopy nursing staff (38 nurses) who is dealing with endoscopies reprocessing were included in the study. First tool was questionnaire sheet, to assess nurses' knowledge. The second tool was observational checklist to assess nurses' practice.

Introduction: Bullying is a form of violence that endangers well-being of children, youth and adults. It results from the interaction of multiple factors related to individual characteristics, relationships with peers, adults, and school or community expectations. Bullying in schools is a major public health concern which recently gained considerable interest in the Arab world. The most serious consequence of school bullying is reduction in academic performance due to the perception and avoidance of school as an insecure environment. Aim of work: This study was performed in order (1) To determine the prevalence of school bullying behavior among governmental primary school students in Egypt, (2) To evaluate whether parental involvement is associated with peer victimization among students, (3) To understand how primary school teachers perceive bullying and how they act in response to it. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study of an Egyptian nationally representative sample of governmental primary school students was done (809 students). Main teachers of the classes were also included (83 teachers). Different types of questionnaire were used including: socio-demographic characteristics, the Arabic version of The Peer Interactions in Primary School Questionnaire (PIPSQ) to collect information on both direct and indirect bullying, parental involvement assessment in the students' lives by using the Arabic version of bullying. Results: Most of the students were in the age group 11 years old or over. More than half of them were both bullies and bullied others. Parental involvement was linked to decreased likelihood of victimization. Most teachers agreed that the school plays an important role in reducing the occurrence of bullying and agreed that topics about bullying prevention must be part of the elementary school curriculum. Conclusion:Involvement of the parents is associated with a decreased risk of victimization. Most