During the 1990s of the last century, Sudan witnessed the establishment of a large number of state Universities, as well as, private institutes and faculties. Nevertheless most of these institutions suffer a lot from constraints and difficulties that prevent them from being green universities. However, Sudanese universities which developed at earlier time can be considered as green ones. This paper focuses on the University of Khartoum, which was initiated in the year 1904 as a good example for such type of green institutes. It is green because of the following facts: unique location at the left bank of the Blue Nile River, occupies a large surface area, well developed infrastructure, well built environment, presence of large green open spaces and a large number of trees that are present whenever you go in the university, as well as, there is a shelter belt of ever green trees surrounding the outer walls of the university, buildings of theaters, lecture rooms, laboratories, staff and administration offices are well aerated and need less energy for cooling due to that fact that the walls of all buildings are hollow that allow the circulation of air inside these walls, and students cafeteria and café and other students activities are located in areas away from the faculties buildings in addition to the presence of two football yards etc. Moreover, the staffs of this university are of a high caliber and the students who join it are of high quality and are tops of the students of the whole country. One can conclude that regardless of the financial difficulties and political instability facing the University of Khartoum, this university is considered as a green university with green education facilities and opportunities and strong infrastructure which is more friendly with the environment, and those who graduate it are now leading development not only inside the country but also in other countries. One can conclude that the University of Khartoum is a pioneer green University since its establishment at the beginning of the 20th century.

Smart agriculture as a new term may be unknown or it is not widely in Sudan even among the academicians. This paper is an attempt to find out the constraints facing the adoption of smart agriculture in Sudan and what are the future trends for its application in the country. This paper is mainly dependent on revising the available literature and grasping the facts about the current and future status of agriculture in Sudan. The following constraints are facing adoption of Smart agriculture: the natural and anthropogenic factors. Natural factors can be summed up in the deterioration of the natural conditions by dry spells and climatic changes. While man-made factors include: deforestation, over-cropping, mono-cropping, agricultural financing credits, poor marketing channels, instable economic policies, etc….. In conclusion From a Sudanese perspective smart agriculture is that agriculture which can remain productive in the face of stresses and shocks i.e. while maintaining the viability of the agro-ecosystems supported by vast area of agricultural lands, sufficient ground and surface water as well as rainwater in addition to presence of large number of agricultural experts and indigenous cultural practices. Its main objective is therefore to attain sustainable yield per unit area. Smart Agriculture can be adopted in Sudan by solving the natural and man-made constraints and strengthening the institutional infrastructure of the country as well as relying on the indigenous knowledge to sustain generally the total productivity of food crops.

This paper is an attempt to find the close relation between misuse of natural resources or resource degradation and conflicts in Sudan and vice versa. Critical review of relevant review was done to satisfy the above mentioned objective. Causes of conflicts in Darfur can be summed up as follows: Expansion of Cultivation at the expense of rangelands due to increase in population and the prevailing climatic conditions, Drought and desertification and its impact on Range and Pasture all resulted in the decrease of the carrying capacity of the remaining rangelands, Animal Routes are seriously affected by the dissolution of the native administration during Nemiri Regime, Scarce Water resources and A lack of development and livelihood options. Outside of the Main Urban Areas Environmental degradation and resource scarcity are an underlying cause of conflict in dry land Sudan-including Darfur and have resulted in the following impacts: competition for scarce resources has always been a catalyst for conflict between different rural groups, increased human and livestock population pressures, displacement by mechanized agricultural schemes, reduced and unreliable rainfall, desertification, soil depletion and soil erosion are ongoing and the general trend for displacement to the south and to the cities and increased frequency of local level clashes. The Environmental Impacts of Conflicts could be Summarized as Follows Direct impacts: include landmines and explosive remnants. While, Indirect and secondary environmental impacts of conflict as a result of population displacement are The severe and complex environmental consequences of displacement include: deforestation in camp areas; de-vegetation in camps areas; unsustainable groundwater extraction in camps; water pollution in camp areas; uncontrolled urban slum growth; the development of a 'relief economy' which can locally exacerbate demand for natural resources; fallow area regeneration and invasive weed expansion; and return-and

This article aims at identifying the constraints facing Sudanese cities and prevent them to be smart cities. It is also a trail to define smart cities from a Sudanese point of view. This article is dependent to a large extent on reviewing the available literature and personal experience of the author. The constraints facing Sudanese cities to be sustainable or smart could be classified to sets of factors. The first groups are natural factors while the second ones are related to human factors which are particularly related to infrastructure development. Natural factors are summed into the following: ill location of residential areas such as flood plains which will increase the annual flooding hazards, natural drainages and rapid urban expansion due to environmental degradation in rural areas which encourages illegal expansion of settlement in illsuited areas and /or at the expense of agricultural lands. While anthropogenic factors can be summarized as follows: poor infrastructure in cities which are manifested in lack of adequate and efficient drainage of rains water, roads are badly constructed and maintained lack of coordination between Ministry of Road and Transport with other related Ministries or government department such Ministry of Electricity and dams and telecommunication and Urban water resources corporation. This resulted in the continuous destruction of asphaltic roads to extend cables of electricity or telephones and domestic water supply networks. However, the present location of the central transport station is not suitable and has resulted in traffic jamming and wasting of time as well as increase fuel consumption that leads to increase in emitted air pollutants and noise pollution. Moreover, regardless of building of new hospitals and clinics most of the Sudanese have no access to health services because of its high costs and most of the people have no health insurance or their insurance cannot cover the actual expenses. Horizontal expansion of Khartoum capital was not accompanied with accessible roads an d adequate transportation means Smart cities from a Sudanese perspectives are cities where the people have an access to basic services such as water, steady electric and water supply, regular maintenance of roads and improvement of the present rain water drainage systems and building of new bridges and suitable location of the