Urinary tract infection is the third most common cause of febrile illness among children. UTI carries a considerable morbidity among this vulnerable age group because of its potential complications (e.g. hypertension and renal failure). Because diagnosis of UTI among the pediatric age group is challenging if solely based on clinical setting, knowledge of the actual prevalence rates of UTI among children is essential for pediatricians to determine the cost benefit effect of requesting investigations for suspected cases. Infants and children with UTI often present with fever with or without urinary symptoms. During assessment of a febrile child, pediatricians should be aware of the prevalence and risk factors for UTI in febrile children that necessitate further investigations. Prevalence of UTI among children is highly variable among different studies and the variability is attributed to multiple factors. This article aims at reviewing the prevalence of UTI in children reported among various literature studies and discussing factors influencing this prevalence.

Asthma is one of the most prevalent chronic illnesses that affect the pediatric population, defined as chronic airway inflammation, remodeling of the airway wall, and airway hyper-responsiveness to leading to spasms in response to stimuli inducing a reversible airflow obstruction. The death rate from asthma around the world is as high as 0.7 per 100,000 children, therefore making it important to understand all aspect of its pathophysiology and management. We conducted this review using a comprehensive search of Pubmed, MEDLINE, and EMBASE from March 1980, through November 2017. The following search terms were used: asthma pathophysiology, chemokines, leukotriene, asthma management, steroids, beta agonist, leukotriene modifiers. Our aim was to understand detailed pathophysiology of pediatric asthma, and also have a look at the management of asthma. Optimal management of pediatric asthma is based upon a variety of measures, such as good symptomatic control, drug therapy, inhalers, but more importantly what matters is a good relationship of the physician with the patient and their care takers in order to achieve better result in short and long term. The impact of the relationship must be studied in more details to make asthma management more efficient for the pediatric group of patients.