Background: In the UK, public health nurses (health visitors) provide support and advice to families with young children, including those form minority ethnic communities. While the need for cultural sensitivity is being increasingly recognised, the factors which contribute to this sensitivity are poorly understood. The Pakistani and Chinese communities constitute the two largest minority ethnic groups in Scotland. This study explored Pakistani and Chinese women's experience of motherhood and of the health visiting service and public health nurses' experiences of working with Chinese and Pakistani mothers.Methods: Semi-structured individual interviews were carried out with 16 Pakistani and 15Chinese mothers. Eight health visitors took part in two focus groups. The study was undertaken in an urban area of Scotland. Data were analysed thematically.Findings: Chinese and Pakistani mothers negotiate complex processes in order to ensure that their children maintain their own ethnic identity while fitting in with their peers in their adopted country. Health visitors were seen as supportive, although sometimes advice and information given was culturally inappropriate, and their role was often poorly understood.Health visitors were anxious to be sensitive to families' religious and cultural beliefs. Conclusions:Cultural sensitivity is an important factor in providing appropriate advice and help to Pakistani and Chinese families, and involves health visitors in considering views and practices on parenting which may differ across cultures, including their own. Family characteristics need to be understood on an individual basis, rather than making assumptions This is an Author's Early Version of © Haycock-Stuart, E. (2014). "Supporting Pakistani and Chinese families with young children: perspectives of mothers and health visitors".Child: Care, Health and Development.Please refer to the published article for citation purposes.2 about clients' cultural norms and lifestyles. This is best achieved by exploring with mothers if they understand the advice and information they are being offered and also if it is appropriate to their cultural and religious beliefs.

Failure to consider differences amongst followers denies the impact followers have on the success (or failure) of the leadership process and ultimately on an organization's ability to achieve goals.

Objective: The study was to examine the role of children in communication and decisions regarding their nursing care in a paediatric oncology ward in Malaysia. Methods: The principles of focused ethnography underpinned the study design. Fieldwork took place over six months in one 32-bedded paediatric oncology ward. Twenty-one children, ranging in ages from 7 to 12 years diagnosed with leukaemia, their parents and 19 nurses participated. Data collection consisted of participant observation and semi-structured interview. Results: Hospitalized children employed different roles of passive or active participants during the communication and decisions about their nursing care. Importantly, children are more likely to become active participants in the communication process when nurses interact directly with them, listening to them and giving them opportunities to ask questions in either the presence or absence of their parents. Equally, children are likely to be more passive participants when nurses do not communicate directly with them, choosing instead to directly interact with the child's parents. This study highlighted that the role of children as active and passive participants is not permanently engaged by individual children, rather their role fluctuates throughout the hospitalization journey. The fluctuations of a child's role are highly dependent on their preferences: how and when they want to be included in the communication and decisions process. Children's roles in communication and decisions are also varied and dependent on their particular contexts. A child's participation in one situation does not consistently reflect their participation with their role in other situations. The ways in which the children participate were oscillated throughout their hospitalization. Conclusions: This study provides empirical insight into children's experiences of triadic (child-nurse-parent) interaction during the decisions about their nursing

UK government policy emphasises the role of leadership in meeting the NHS healthcare quality agenda. As care is delivered increasingly in the community, it is important to evaluate the quality of nursing care provided to patients and families in community settings. However, few quality indicators have been designed for use in this sector. A study was undertaken to examine the effects of nursing leadership in the community on quality of care, and the results suggest that there is tension between nurse 'leaders' and 'followers' about the value of leadership. While nurse leaders see the leadership role as critical to improving quality through workforce planning and organisation, front line staff perceive individual nurse's skills as more pertinent to the quality of community nursing care.

Mechanisms to monitor patient safety, a key aspect of the policy agenda for quality care and other technical aspects of care are important for nurse leaders to develop with frontline community nurses.