Introduction: Lymphadenopathy refers to lymph nodes that are abnormal in size, consistency or number. It is one of the commonest and significant clinical presentations of patients, attending the outdoor clinics in most hospitals. Superficial lymphadenopathy ranked among the most common clinical findings encountered in the etiology of lymph nodes enlargement range from spectrum of infections, reactive hyperplasia to malignant diseases. Diagnosing these lesions poses a major challenge to the clinicians. FNAC is an easy, safe, reliable, rapid and inexpensive method for diagnosing enlarged lymph nodes with a high degree of accuracy. The aim of our study is to study and evaluate the spectrum of cases of superficial lymph node enlargement in our region. Materials and methods: The retrospective study was done in the cytological section of the department of pathology in our hospital over a period of two years. Patients who visited the OPD of our hospital, withcomplaints of lymph node enlargement weresent for FNAC for proper diagnosis. The data were retrieved, compiled, summarized and statistically analyzed. Results:Of the 770 cases studied, the most common cause of lymphadenopathy was reactive lymphadenitis with 438 cases (56.8%). The next common diagnosis was found to be granulomatous lymphadenitis with 197 cases (25.5%) followed by suppurative lymphadenitis in 68 cases (8.8%), metastatic lymphadenopathy in 61 cases (7.9%) and malignant lymphoma in 6 cases (0.7%). Conclusion: FNAC is an easy, simple, safe and inexpensive method of diagnosing lymph node lesions.

A variety of benign and malignant neoplasms arise in the kidneys of adults and children. With the advancement in the recognition of newer variants and wide spectrum of appearances of these tumours especially of nephroblastoma and renal cell carcinoma, the diagnostic accuracy and assessment of critical prognostic indicators for these tumours pose challenges to the surgical pathologists. The present spurt of interest in grading the tumours on morphological and histological criteria and correlating them with AGNOR counts and to the clinical outcome in terms of survival rates is mainly attributable to the recent innovations in surgical and medical oncology. In the present study each of the renal tumour samples were subjected to an argyrophilic staining for the nucleolar organizer region according to the modified colloidal silver technique. In Grade I, II & III renal carcinoma cases the AgNOR index was 0.875, 1.301, and 1.710 respectively. It has been observed that mean AgNOR indices are directly proportional to grading. i.e., with increased grades the mean AgNOR count also increased and can be used for assessing the clinical outcome and prognosis of the cases. The mean AgNOR scores in epithelial, mesenchymal, blastemal areas for all cases of Wilms' tumour were 4.46, 4.82, and 5.76 respectively. Based on the mean AgNOR score it has been found that blastemal areas have higher score than mesenchymal and epithelial areas. The increased score in blastemal areas can be attributed to increased proliferative activity of the tumour. Prognostication is the most important contribution of the medical scientist to the suffering patient. The AgNOR scoring as a prognostic index helps the clinician in this.