Besides its extreme climate conditions, the Caatinga (a type of tropical seasonal forest) hosts an impressive faunal and floristic biodiversity. In the last 50 years there has been a considerable increase in the number of studies in the area. Here we aimed to present a review of these studies, focusing on four main fields: vertebrate ecology, plant ecology, human ecology, and ethnobiology. Furthermore, we identify directions for future research. We hope that the present paper will help defining actions and strategies for the conservation of the biological diversity of the Caatinga.

-(Inter-annual variations in the floristic and population structure of an herbaceous community of "caatinga" in Pernambuco, Brazil). The influence of climatic variations on the herbaceous component of the "caatinga" vegetation was examined in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. A total of 105 1 × 1 m-plots were established, of which 35 were in a level micro-habitat, 35 in a riparian micro-habitat, and 35 in a stony microhabitat. During two consecutive years all herbaceous plants in these plots were counted, measured (height and diameter), and collected for identification. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index and the equitability were calculated for each year, as well as the density, frequency, dominance, total basal area and importance index for each species. The total annual pluviometric was 819.5 and 448.8 mm in 2002 and 2003, respectively. The herbaceous flora in the study area was composed of 71 species, of which 58 were sampled in the plots. The families with the greatest species richness were Malvaceae (8 species), Euphorbiaceae (7), Poaceae (6), Convolvulaceae (4), Fabaceae (4), and Portulacaceae (4). The diversity indices were 2.66 and 3.01 nats ind -1 in 2002 and 2003, respectively. The density, frequency, dominance and importance value of herbaceous populations, as well as, the height and diameter of plants were low in the dryer year. The riparian group was the most isolated of the microhabitats examined, both in terms of its floristic and its population structure. Annual seasonal climatic variations greatly modified these populations structure during the course of this study, emphasizing the fact that longterm studies are needed in order to better understand the dynamics of the herbaceous component of the "caatinga" vegetation.Key words -"caatinga", herbaceous component, phytosociology, seasonal climate changes, species richness RESUMO -(Variações interanuais na composição florística e estrutura das populações de uma comunidade herbácea da caatinga, Pernambuco, Brasil). Objetivou-se avaliar a influência das variações climáticas sobre o componente herbáceo em uma área de caatinga de Pernambuco. Foram estabelecidas 105 parcelas de 1 × 1 m, sendo 35 dispostas em micro-habitat plano, 35 em micro-habitat ciliar e 35 em micro-habitat rochoso. Durante dois anos consecutivos todas as ervas presentes nas parcelas foram contadas, medidas (altura e diâmetro) e coletadas para identificação taxonômica. Foram calculados o índice de diversidade Shannon-Wiener, a equabilidade e os parâmetros de densidade, freqüência, dominância, área basal total e índice de valor de importância. A precipitação pluviométrica anual registrada foi de 819,5 e 448,8 mm em 2002 e 2003, respectivamente. A flora herbácea registrada nas parcelas e fora delas foi representada por 71 espécies, sendo 58 amostradas. As famílias de maior riqueza de espécies foram Malvaceae (8), Euphorbiaceae (7), Poaceae (6), Convolvulaceae (4), Fabaceae (4) e Portulacaceae (4). As diversidades foram de 2,66 e 3,01 nats ind -1 em 2002 e 2003, respectivamente. ...

RESUMO -(Diversidade de herbáceas em microhabitats rochoso, plano e ciliar em uma área de caatinga, Caruaru, PE, Brasil). Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da heterogeneidade micro-espacial no aumento da fitodiversidade herbácea em uma área de caatinga de Caruaru, Pernambuco, Brasil. Microhabitats rochosos, planos e ciliares foram selecionados, e nesses foi realizado um levantamento qualiquantitativo das herbáceas ocorrentes em 35 parcelas de 1 m 2 , em cada microhabitat. Todas as ervas nas parcelas foram contadas, marcadas e identificadas, coletando-se também outras espécies herbáceas ocorrentes entre as parcelas. A riqueza taxonômica total de herbáceas foi mais elevada ao se considerar o conjunto dos microhabitats. A flora total foi de 62 espécies, 42 destas ocorrendo no microhabitat rochoso, 32 no plano e 39 no ciliar. O índice de similaridade florística de Jaccard entre os microhabitats variou de 42% (plano × ciliar) a 57% (rochoso × plano). Isoladamente, as riquezas de espécies nos microhabitats plano, rochoso e ciliar foram de 3,09; 3,88 e de 4,18 espécies (ln ind.)-1 e as diversidades, pelo índice de Shannon-Wiener, foram de 2,08; 2,09 e de 2,52 nats.ind.-1 , respectivamente. Malvaceae, Euphorbiaceae e Poaceae apresentaram maior número de espécies. A densidade total de herbáceas foi de 4.009 ind.105 m -2 , sendo 1.749 indivíduos do microhabitat rochoso, 1.020 do ciliar e 1.240 do plano. Cerca de 19% das espécies eram trepadeiras e foram consideradas como um grupo importante para conservação da biodiversidade local. Evidenciou-se a importância da inclusão das herbáceas dos diferentes microhabitats, para a determinação da riqueza florística da caatinga. Palavras-chave: riqueza de espécies, densidade de herbáceas, semi-árido, caatinga, microsítiosABSTRACT -(Diversity of herb plants in three microhabitats at a caatinga site: level area, rocky area and stream border area, Caruaru, PE, Brazil). The influence of the micro spatial heterogeneity in the diversity of herb plants was evaluated in a caatinga site at Caruaru, Pernambuco, Brazil. Three microhabitats were chosen: a flat area with a rocky yellow podzolic soil, a similar area with the same soil type but without rocks and an area at the border of a small intermittent stream but that is never covered by floods. In each microhabitat, 35 plots, 1m 2 each, were marked, at random, and all herb plants identified and counted. Plants were also collected and identified in the same microhabitats outside the plots. A total of 62 species were found in the three microsites, 32 in the flat area, 42 in the rocky area and 39 in the stream area. Similarity, using Jaccard index, ranged from 42% (flat x stream area) to 57% (flat and rocky area). . Malvaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Poaceae were the families with highest number of species. About 19% of the species were climbing plants and were considered an important group for local biodiversity conservation. The importance of the inclusion of the herb plants of the different microhabitats for the determination of the floristic rich...

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Palavras-chave: caatinga, florística, formas de vida, herbáceas, solosABSTRACT -(Herbaceous floristic study and relationship with soil of crystalline shield and sedimentary basin caatinga areas at Petrolândia, Pernambuco State, Brazil). Floristic surveys were carried out in two close caatinga areas, one on the crystalline shield and the other on a sedimentary basin, both at Petrolândia, Pernambuco, Brazil, with the objective of identifying differences between the two areas in composition, habit and life form of the herbaceous flora. One hundred 1×1 m plots were established in each area and all the herbaceous species were identified. Soil samples were collected at 0-20 and 20-40 cm depths. In general, the soil in the crystalline shield area was shallower, had greater clay content, with higher water holding capacity, and was more fertile. The number of families, genera and species in the sedimentary basin and crystalline shield areas were 32, 62 and 78 and 31, 53 and 69, respectively. The floristic similarity between the areas was high (75%). The clustering analysis showed that the floristic arrangements between the sampled plots are more similar within the areas than between areas, suggesting the existence of distinct groups. Soil type seems not to be a factor determining the floristic similarity, habit or life forms of the caatinga vegetation herbs when the areas are near, but it may influence the occurrence and the frequency of some species.