Research has demonstrated that children use different strategies to infer a referent. One of these strategies is to use inflectional morphology. We present evidence that toddlers learning Spanish are capable of using gender word inflections to infer word reference. Thirty-month-olds were tested in a preferential looking experiment. Participants were shown variants of 2 unfamiliar objects; one was described as being feminine and the other as being masculine under the form of adjectives that ended either in a or o according to the most common rule of assigning gender in Spanish. Word-image associations were then assessed by presenting the 2 images together and labeling one of them with a masculine novel noun or a feminine novel noun that followed the gender contrast a/o. The data revealed that Spanish-learning children associated the novel words with the appropriate image on the basis of the morphophonological cues embedded in the previously heard adjectives. Learning grammatical gender and number may be complex in a rich morphological system such as Spanish; however, toddlers seem to benefit from the morphophonological consistency and reiteration of the system to infer novel word-object associations.
Resumen: El lenguaje permite explorar el mundo y expresar lo que se conoce de él. En el caso del número gramatical, poder asociar claves verbales de singular o plural con uno o más objetos permite a los niños tanto inferir significado como discriminar, anticipar y rastrear referentes. La comprensión temprana del plural está supeditada a las claves verbales proporcionadas; mientras que la producción, al número de ejemplares de un conjunto. No obstante, se desconoce la interrelación que guardan ambos factores en la comprensión temprana del plural en una lengua morfológicamente rica como el español. Así, el objetivo del presente trabajo es explorar si el nú-mero de claves verbales influye en la habilidad de niños de 24 meses de edad, aprendices del español, para distinguir el plural compuesto por un conjunto pequeño de objetos (2 versus 1). Se realizaron dos experimentos utilizando el Paradigma Intermodal de Atención Preferencial. Se evaluó si los niños asociaban claves verbales múltiples (E1) y claves en la terminación del sustantivo (E2) indicativas de plural a un conjunto de dos objetos. Los niños asociaron las claves múltiples de pluralidad, pero no la terminación del sustantivo, al conjunto de dos objetos. Los resultados sugieren cierto nivel de dificultad en la comprensión temprana del plural cuando un conjunto está integrado por dos objetos; no obstante, se confirma la capacidad de los niños para extraer información de marcos sintácticos enriquecidos. Palabras claves: adquisición del lenguaje; español; desarrollo; morfología del plural. Title:The Influence of the Number of Objects and Verbal Cues in the Early Distinction of Plural. Abstract: Language allows exploring the world and expressing knowledge about it. In the case of grammatical number, the ability to associate verbal cues of singular and plural allows children to infer meaning, discriminate, anticipate and track referents. Early comprehension of plural is dependent on the verbal cues provided; and production, on the number of items in a set. Nevertheless, it remains unknown the relationship that both factors play in the early comprehension of the plural in a morphologically rich language such as Spanish. Therefore, the objective of the current research was to explore whether the number of verbal cues influences the ability of 2-year-old Spanish speakers to verbally distinguish plural in a small set of objects (2 versus 1) from singular. Two experiments were performed by means of the Intermodal Preferential Looking Paradigm to evaluate whether the children associated multiple verbal cues (E1) as well as noun-endings (E2) indicative of plural to a set of two objects. Children associated the multiple cues of plurality, but not the noun-endings, to the set of two objects. These results suggest a certain degree of difficulty in the early comprehension of plural, when a set is formed by two objects; nonetheless, they also confirm children's early ability to extract information from syntactic enriched frames. Key words: language acquisition; Spanish; deve...
To communicate successfully, speakers need to use words that are understood by their listeners; they thus need to understand that others have vocabularies different than their own. A key question is whether this social cognition skill is already present in infancy, and whether it can have an impact on early language production. Analysis of the vocabularies of 550 Mexican children revealed that, at 24 months of age, but not at 18 nor at 30 months of age, those who were raised in households with larger numbers of children had more stereotypical vocabularies than those with fewer children. This finding is discussed in light of the hypothesis that communicative pressure may shape early word production; it suggests that bidirectional effects between social cognition and language acquisition are present at 2 years of age.
Resumen: Tanto la edad del niño, como la ausencia o presencia de alguno de los miembros de la pareja parental afectan los patrones conductuales maternos y paternos. No obstante, es posible que padres y madres presenten sensibilidad diferencial a dichos factores, por lo cual deben examinarse de manera conjunta. Los propósitos del presente estudio fueron observar si existían diferencias entre las conductas parentales de padres y madres y si estas eran dependientes de los factores edad del bebé y tipo de interacción. Se registraron longitudinalmente las frecuencias de 15 conductas parentales de 30 parejas mientras jugaban de manera diádica (madrebebé y padre-bebé) y triádica (simultáneamente madre-padre-bebé) con sus bebés de 15 y 21 meses de edad. Los resultados sugieren que padres y madres presentan una sensibilidad diferencial a los factores edad del bebé y tipo de interacción, ya que las diferencias entre conductas parentales maternas y paternas dependían tanto de la edad del bebé como de la condición de interacción en la que se encontraban los participantes. Esto refleja tanto que la familia es un sistema, como que la interacción triádica es mucho más compleja que la diádica.
The purpose of this study was to investigate sub-lexical segmentation in Spanish-speaking children based on the perception of regular syllables (pseudomorphemes), as well as their association with a visual referent. Both of these skills are the precursors to learning morphology for language acquisition. Twenty-three 12-month-old children participated; they were evaluated with three experimental tasks which tested their skill at segmenting pseudomorphemes from a set of pseudowords when they did and did not appear in the final position, as well as the association between them and a visual referent. The results showed that the children were able to segment the pseudomorphemes at the end of the pseudowords and tended to associate them with a visual referent. We also found that when the morpheme did not necessarily appear in the final position, the children who preferred that position looked at the referent for a longer time. These results reveal the skills that the children are developing on their way to learning morphology. RESUMENEl propósito de este estudio fue investigar la segmentación subléxica en infantes hispanohablantes a partir de la percepción de sílabas regulares (pseudomorfemas), así como su asociación con un referente visual, ambas habilidades como precursoras en el aprendizaje de la morfología para la adquisición de la lengua. Participaron 23 infantes de 12 meses de edad, evaluados con tres tareas experimentales, donde se puso a prueba su habilidad para segmentar pseudomorfemas, de un conjunto de pseudopalabras, cuando aparecían en la posición final y cuando no; así como la asociación entre estos y un referente visual. Los resultados mostraron que los infantes pueden segmentar los pseudomorfemas al final de las pseudopalabras y que, tienen una tendencia por asociarlos con un referente visual; igualmente, se encontró que, cuando el morfema no necesariamente aparece en posición final, aquellos bebés que prefieren esta posición miran por más tiempo al referente. Estos resultados dan cuenta de las habilidades que los infantes van desarrollando en su camino hacia el aprendizaje de la morfología.
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