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Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection represents an excellent paradigm of precision medicine in modern paediatrics and several clinical trials are currently performed in the prevention and management of RSV infection. A new taxonomic terminology for RSV was recently adopted, while the diagnostic and omics techniques have revealed new modalities in the early identification of RSV infections and for better understanding of the disease pathogenesis. coordinated clinical and research efforts constitute an important step in limiting RSV global predominance, improving epidemiological surveillance, and advancing neonatal and paediatric care. This review article presents the key messages of the plenary lectures, oral presentations and posters of the '5th workshop on paediatric virology' (Sparta, Greece, 12th October 2019) organized by the Paediatric Virology Study Group, focusing on recent advances in the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis, clinical management and prevention of RSV infection in childhood.

Dry eye disease (DED) is a clinically significant multifactorial disorder of the ocular surface and tear film as it results in ocular discomfort and visual impairment and predisposes the cornea to infections. It is important for the quality of life and tends to be a chronic disease. It is also common, as the prevalence is estimated between 5 % to 30 % and this increases with age. Therefore, it is recognised as a growing public health problem that requires correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment. There are two main categories of DED: the deficiency of tear production (hyposecretive), which includes Sjögren syndrome, idiopathic or secondary to connective tissue diseases (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis), and non-Sjögren syndrome (e.g. age-related); and the tear evaporation category, where tears evaporate from the ocular surface too rapidly due to intrinsic causes (e.g. meibomian gland disease or eyelid aperture disorders) or extrinsic causes (e.g. vitamin A deficiency, contact lenses wear, ocular allergies). Management of the disease aims to enhance the corneal healing and reduce patient's discomfort. This is based on improving the balance of tear production and evaporation by increasing the tear film volume (lubrication drops) and improving quality of tear film (ex omega-3 supplements, lid hygiene, tetracyclines), reducing the tear film evaporation (paraffin ointments, therapeutic contact lenses), reducing tear's drainage (punctal plugs, cautery) and finally by settling down the ocular surface inflammation (steroids, cyclosporine, autologous serous), as appropriate. In this article we will review the clinical presentation, differential diagnosis and treatment options for DED. KeywordsDry eye disease, tear film, Sjögren, ocular inflammation. There is now an increased recognition by clinicians that dry eye disease (DED) is a common disorder characterised by dryness and damage of the ocular surface. It affects quality of life, including aspects of physical, social and psychological functioning, because it induces ocular discomfort, burning sensation, light sensitivity, visual disturbances or even corneal erosions and infections. DED is also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, dry eye syndrome and dysfunctional tear syndrome. DED prevalence has been reported to range from 5 % to 30 %, this being a likely result from differing study populations and DED definitions. In a large population study, Moss et al. reported the prevalence of dry eye to be 14.4 % in 3,722 subjects aged 48 to 91 years and noted that the prevalence of the condition doubled after the age of 59. As a consequence, DED prevalence is expected to increase in ageing populations, which will eventually make this health problem more prominent. [1][2][3][4] In order to address the problem, the International Dry Eye Workshop (DEWS) defines dry eye as a multifactorial disease of the tears and ocular surface that results in symptoms of discomfort, visual disturbance and tear film instability with potential damage to the ocular surface. It is accompanied ...

Dry eye disease (DED) is a clinically significant multifactorial disorder of the ocular surface and tear film as it results in ocular discomfort and visual impairment and predisposes the cornea to infections. It is important for the quality of life and tends to be a chronic disease. It is also common, as the prevalence is estimated between 5 % to 30 % and this increases with age. Therefore, it is recognized as a growing public health problem that requires correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment. There are two main categories of DED: the deficiency of tear production (hyposecretive), which includes Sjögren’s syndrome, idiopathic or secondary to connective tissue diseases (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis), and non-Sjögren’s syndrome (e.g. age-related); and the tear evaporation category, where tears evaporate from the ocular surface too rapidly due to intrinsic causes (e.g. meibomian gland disease or eyelid aperture disorders) or extrinsic causes (e.g. vitamin A deficiency, contact lenses wear, ocular allergies). Management of the disease aims to enhance the corneal healing and reduce patient’s discomfort. This is based on improving the balance of tear production and evaporation by increasing the tear film volume (lubrication drops) and improving quality of tear film (ex omega-3 supplements, lid hygiene, tetracyclines), reducing the tear film evaporation (paraffin ointments, therapeutic contact lenses), reducing tear’s drainage (punctal plugs, cautery), and finally by settling down the ocular surface inflammation (steroids, cyclosporine, autologous serous), as appropriate. In this article we will review the clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, and treatment options for DED.