С татья посвящена психологическому анализу процесса совладания с трудной жизненной ситуацией, которая воспринимается как безвыходная. Представлены результаты эмпирического исследования, выполненного на выборке, состоящей из 736 взрослых испытуемых. На основании первичного качественного анализа описаний трудных жизненных ситуаций выделены наиболее существенные признаки субъективной безвыходности. К ним относятся неподконтрольность и непонятность ситуации, отрицательные эмоции, актуализация избегания и отсутствие усилий, направленных на изменение положения. Операционализация этих признаков открыла возможность для построения моделей. Использовались два вида моделирования: структурное и имитационное. С помощью путевого анализа проверены связи между компонентами безвыходности. Показано, что предложенная модель достаточно хорошо соответствует полученным эмпирическим данным. Субъективная безвыходность представлена как комплекс взаимосвязанных и последовательных оценок, эмоциональных переживаний, способов реагирования. Посредством метода системной динамики проанализировано протекание процесса переживания безвыходности, которое характеризуется цикличностью, воспроизводимостью, ухудшением существующего положения. Итоговая модель описывает причины усиления субъективной безвыходности и факторы, способствующие выходу из проблемной ситуации. Ключевые слова: трудная жизненная ситуация, субъективная безвыходность, копинг, когнитивное оценивание, модель, путевой анализ, системная динамика. T he paper is devoted to the psychological analysis of coping with a difficult life situation, which is perceived as hopeless. The results of the empirical research carried out on a sample of 736 adult subjects are presented. Based on a qualitative analysis of the primary descriptions of difficult life situations, the most essential features of the perceived hopelessness are revealed. The latter include the lack of control and unclear situation, negative emotions, and the lack of updated avoidance efforts to change the situation. Operationalization of these features made it possible to construct certain models. Two types of modeling are used in the research: structural and simulation ones. It is shown that the proposed model is correspondent to the empirical data. Path analysis proves the relationship between the components of hopelessness. Perceived hopelessness is represented as a set of interrelated and consistent assessments of emotional experiences, ways to respond. The method of system dynamics analyzes the flow of hopelessness experiences, which is characterized by cycles, reproducibility, the deterioration of the situation. The final model describes the causes of perceived hopelessness and factors to find the way out of the situation.
Participatory modeling (PM) is a craft that is often learned by training ‘on the job’ and mastered through years of practice. There is little explicit knowledge available on identifying and documenting the skills needed to perform PM. In the modeling literature, existing attempts to identify relevant competencies have focused on the specific technical skills required for specific technical model development. The other skills required to organize and conduct the stakeholder process seem to be more vaguely and poorly defined in this context. The situation is complicated by PM being an essentially transdisciplinary craft, with no single discipline or skill set to borrow ideas and recommendations from. In this paper, we aim to set the foundation for both the practice and capacity-building efforts for PM by identifying the relevant core competencies. Our inquiry into this topic starts with reviewing and compiling literature on competencies in problem-solving research areas related to PM (e.g., systems thinking, facilitated model building, operations research, and so forth). We augment our inquiry with results from a PM practitioners’ survey to learn how they perceive the importance of different competencies and how the scope of these competencies may vary across the various roles that participatory modellers play. As a result, we identified five core competency areas essential for PM: systems thinking, modeling, group facilitation, project management and leadership, and, more recently, designing and running virtual workshops and events.
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