The changes observed point to the need to further explore the causes and the clinical correlates of hyperlipidemia during pregnancy in women with HIV.

The presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was sought in cervical scrapings from 110 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women to evaluate the role of these viruses as risk factors for squamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix. By using PCR, presence of HPV-DNA and EBV-DNA was found in 60.9% (67/110) and in 10% (11/110) of clinical samples, respectively. Identification of oncogenic group of HPV by hybrid capture (HC II, Murex-Digene) indicated the presence of low-risk HPV in 13 (19.4%) patients, high-risk HPV in 28 (41.8%), and both types of HPV in 26 (38.8%) patients. Squamous intraepithelial lesions were present in 59 cases, being low-grade (n = 52) and high-grade (n = 7) lesions. HPV was detected in 84.7% of patients with lesions, in association with low-grade (43/52) and high-grade lesions (7/7), and in 33% of patients without lesions. EBV-DNA was detected in 8 patients with low-grade lesions and in 3 patients without lesions. Concurrent genital HPV and EBV infection was observed in 9 cases. HPV was associated with detection of squamous intraepithelial lesions [OR = 3.55; 95% CI = (1.96; 6.48)]. No significant association was found between presence of EBV and detection of lesions, both in case of EBV infection alone [OR = 1.4; 95% CI = (0. 93; 2.12)] and in case of HPV/EBV combined infection [OR = 0.87; 95%CI = (0.54; 1.42)]. These data confirm the significant role of HPV as risk factor for squamous intraepithelial lesions and suggest that EBV could not be involved in the pathogenesis of the lesions that arise in the cervix of HIV-positive women.

Although there is a large body of literature on rhinoceros ('rhino') conservation, a comprehensive analysis of the challenges inherent in rhino conservation is missing. In particular, the role of private landowners in rhino conservation has been insufficiently addressed, even though private landowners manage a third of the rhino population in South Africa. In this paper we apply a conceptual framework to the issue of rhino conservation on private lands in South Africa. The framework (1) visually illustrates the political and economic complexity of rhino conservation; (2) reveals how financial decision-making drives rhino conservation among private landowners; and (3) demonstrates how the costs that poaching imposes on private landowners (e.g. security costs) undermines their willingness to conserve rhinos on their land. We argue that current anti-poaching actions are insufficient to attain rhino conservation on private lands because these actions fail to address key components of the private landowners' decision-making process. New actions that incentivize rhino management and conservation on private lands are required. To safeguard their family, clients, employees and rhinos from armed poachers, landowners require access to improved, lower cost security systems and technologies. To offset the costs of rhino protection and management (including acquiring and managing sufficient habitat to support rhinos), landowners require a renewable income stream that is directly linked to rhino conservation. We consider how legal trade in rhino horn may attain this second objective.

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In this observational study atazanavir and lopinavir showed similar safety and activity in pregnancy, with no differences in the main pregnancy outcomes. Atazanavir use was associated with a better lipid profile and with higher bilirubin levels. Overall, the study findings confirm that these two HIV protease inhibitors represent equally valid alternative options.