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Human capital is the basis of economic growth in modern Russia. One of the results of the work of the Government of the Russian Federation to achieve the goals and objectives of sustainable development, fixed in the UN Agenda for Sustainable Development for the period up to 2030, was their inclusion in the main strategic and program documents. The basic concept of national goals and strategic objectives of the country is an orientation towards a post-industrial economy in which the main socio-economic advantages of Russia in the global economy lie in the area of human capital. The article discusses approaches to the definition of “human capital”. The authors consider the human capital of the region as a set of human resources concentrated in its territory and possessing professional skills and knowledge, as well as health status and labor motivation. It was revealed that such peculiarity of the region as its agro-industrial orientation provides a significant contribution of agriculture to its economy, but at the same time requires increased attention to the human capital. The three main components of the region’s potential (income, longevity and education) should be the priority areas for public investment. The article presents a comparative assessment of the human capital of the Krasnodar Territory and other constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The disadvantages of using the methodology for calculating the human development index are revealed, in particular the imbalance of individual components of the index when assessing regions. The authors found that the human capital of the country largely depends on the human capital of the industries that ensure the population’s life quality. An indicator of an effective connection between the economy and health care is the improvement in the quality of life of the population and, as a consequence, the potential of the region.