Los tanques de agua (water tanks) ofrecen desde hace siglos soluciones en el Sur de la India a los problemas derivados de la escasez de agua. Son un sistema tradicional de recogida de agua de lluvia ampliamente distribuido por este territorio, que permite una potencial gestión de los propios recursos a nivel local, descentralizada y participativa. Aunque la principal función de los tanques de agua es la irrigación, existen muchos otros usos, funciones y recursos naturales asociados a ellos que permiten la inclusión de muchos más actores de la comunidad, aparte de aquellos agricultores que aprovechan la irrigación. Los tanques de agua configuran además una variedad de paisaje y biodiversidad, creando una valiosa heterogeneidad territorial. La complejidad de este ecosistema debe ser gestionada con una perspectiva integral que considere todos los elementos vinculados y las relaciones entre ellos, entendiendo que los tanques de agua no son simplemente depósitos de agua. Este estudio multidisciplinar intenta demostrar el concepto de tanques de agua entendidos como ecosistemas, describiendo y analizando de una manera profunda novedosa las funciones, usos, recursos naturales y actores. La investigación se centra también en el análisis de la percepción ecosistémica de la población local de algunas comunidades en Tamil Nadu (India del Sur), empleando diversas metodologías antropológicas.
Pastoral systems face increasing pressure from competing global markets, food sector industrialization, and new policies such as Europe’s post-2020 Common Agriculture Policy. This pressure threatens the use of extensive sheep-grazing systems in mountain areas of low productivity but high natural value. Using information gathered at a long-term research setting in a mountainous area of the Basque Country (northern Spain), we assessed the multiple benefits of extensive dairy sheep grazing systems from multiple perspectives using indicators pertaining to ecological, socio-economic, and food quality domains. In this way, we address the benefits that would be lost if sheep grazing abandonment persists in mountain regions. Our results show that the benefits of extensive dairy sheep grazing in the research area include the production of healthy and high-quality foods and multiple ecological benefits including biodiversity conservation. Extensive dairy sheep grazing also contributes to rural development by generating employment and income in marginal, low-productivity lands that can support few economic alternatives. In particular, we found that sheep farmers who produce high-value products, such as cheese, have enhanced their economic profitability and are less dependent on public subsidies. However, careful attention to sustainable practices, support for new generations of farmers, and streamlined supply chains are required. These would contribute to ensure socio-economic benefits for farmers, avoid the ecological costs associated with grazing abandonment, and enhance ecosystem services for the whole society.
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