BackgroundFrailty prevalence differs across countries depending on the models used to assess it that are based on various conceptual and operational definitions. This study aims to assess the clinical validity of three frailty models among community-dwelling older adults in north-western Russia where there is a higher incidence of cardiovascular disease and lower life expectancy than in European countries.MethodsThe Crystal study is a population-based prospective cohort study in Kolpino, St. Petersburg, Russia. A random sample of the population living in the district was stratified into two age groups: 65–75 (n = 305) and 75+ (n = 306) and had a baseline comprehensive health assessment followed by a second one after 33.4 +/−3 months. The total observation time was 47 +/−14.6 months. Frailty was assessed according to the models of Fried, Puts and Steverink-Slaets. Its association with mortality at 5 years follow-up as well as dependency, mental and physical decline at around 2.5 years follow up was explored by multivariable and time-to-event analyses.ResultsMortality was predicted independently from age, sex and comorbidities only by the frail status of the Fried model in those over 75 years old [HR (95 % CI) = 2.50 (1.20–5.20)]. Mental decline was independently predicted only by pre-frail [OR (95 % CI) = 0.24 (0.10–0.55)] and frail [OR (95 % CI) = 0.196 (0.06–0.67)] status of Fried model in those 65–75 years old. The prediction of dependency and physical decline by pre-frail and frail status of any the three frailty models was not statistically significant in this cohort of older adults.ConclusionsNone of the three frailty models was valid at predicting 5 years mortality and disability, mental and physical decline at 2.5 years in a cohort of older adults in north-west Russia. Frailty by the Fried model had only limited value for mortality in those 75 years old and mental decline in those 65–75 years old. Further research is needed to identify valid frailty markers for older adults in this population.
Objective: To assess the prevalence of anemia and its impact on physical performance, dependency, and mortality in older adults in the north-west region of Russia. Design: A population-based prospective cohort study. Setting: A random sample of the population living in the Kolpino District. Participants: A total of 611 community-dwelling individuals aged 65 years and older. Measurements: Hemoglobin, gender, age, comorbidity, creatinine, C-reactive protein, body mass index, the Mini Nutritional Assessment, the Short Physical Performance Battery, grip strength, the Barthel Index, the Mini-Mental State Examination, and the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale were measured/administered. A second screening was organized after 33.4±3 months. The total observation time was 47 ± 14.6 months. Results: The prevalence of anemia was higher in men (21.4%) than in women (18.6%). After adjustment for age, gender, nutritional status, creatinine levels, mental impairment, and various comorbid conditions, significant associations were found between anemia and dependency [OR(95% СI) = 1.798 (1.068 – 3.029); p = 0.027], lower physical performance [ β(95%CI) = -0.717 (-1,334 – -0.100); p = 0.023], and greater risk of mortality [HR (95%CI) = 1.871 (1.284 – -2.728); p = 0.001]. Participants with anemia and CRP levels > 5 had a higher risk of mortality compared with anemic participants with lower CRP levels [HR (95%CI) = 3.417 (1.869 – 6.245); p = 0.000]. Conclusion: The estimated prevalence of anemia in the population aged 65 years and older is 19.3% (95%CI = 15.99 – 23.13). Anemia is associated with poor physical performance and dependency and is an independent predictor of mortality in older individuals.
В статье представлены данные, полученные при изучении информированности пожилых пациентов с риском развития белково-энергетической недостаточности методом анкетирования. Проанализирован рацион питания 106 пациентов 65 лет и старше с риском развития белково-энергетической недостаточ-ности из неорганизованной популяции. Рассмотрена взаимосвязь наличия депрессии, когнитивных нару-шений, зависимости от окружающих в повседневной жизни и характера питания. Определены основные причины развития недостаточности питания у данной категории пациентов.Ключевые слова: пожилой пациент; риск развития недостаточности питания; белково-энергетическая недостаточность; информированность о питании.The article presents the data collected during the study of awareness of older patients with risk of proteinenergy malnutrition. The quality of diet of free-living 106 patients older than 65 years with the risk of proteinenergy malnutrition was analyzed. The relationship between the presence of depression, cognitive impairment and dependence in daily living and quality of diet was examined. The main causes of malnutrition in these patients were identified.Keywords: elderly patient, the risk of malnutrition, protein-energy malnutrition, awareness of nutrition quality.Актуальность. Число пожилых людей в мире непрерывно растет. Физиологическое старение не осложнено какими-либо патологическими про-цессами и проявляется закономерными измене-ниями органов и систем у практически здоровых пожилых и старых людей. Однако даже при фи-зиологическом старении происходят значитель-ные изменения обмена веществ, состояния орга-нов и систем организма. Функциональная пере-стройка органов и систем, заболевания полости рта, потеря или снижение способности к самообслу жи-ванию, когнитивные нарушения, депрессия, одино-чество и недостаточность материальных средств -частые причины нарушений питания, которые, в свою очередь, отрицательно влияют на течение за болеваний, продолжительность и качество жиз-ни лиц пожилого и старческого возраста [1,2]. Бел-ково-энергетическая недостаточность (БЭН) в со-четании с дефицитом микронутриентов является основной проблемой лиц пожилого и старческого возраста из неорганизованной популяции [3]. Со-стояние белково-энергетической недостаточности характеризуется нарушениями, обусловленными частичным или полным дефицитом поступающей с пищей энергии и отдельных нутриентов, возни-кающими при количественной или качественной неадекватности питания [4]. По данным зарубеж-ных исследований, в неорганизованной популяции БЭН страдают от 1 до 5% пожилых пациентов [5], а в группе риска развития БЭН находится от 8 до 65% [6,7]. Изучение особенностей питания пациен-тов старшей возрастной группы с риском развития белково-энергетической недостаточности позво-лит врачу общей практики выделить основные во просы для консультирования данной категории пациентов по рациональному питанию. Определе-ние основных причин развития БЭН в каждом конк-ретном случае даст возможность оказать свое-временную и адекватную помощь пожилому паци-енту. Воздействие на обмен ...
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