In addition to its main purpose: establishing and maintaining the parameters of the height system for the territory of a given state (country), state levelling networks also serve to establish (register) the contemporary (recent) vertical movements of the Earth's crust. The detection of such movements, besides in a purely research sense, is of great practical importance. The displacement of the benchmarks over time plays an essential role in seismic forecasting in the short and long term. Sometimes, not very often, it happens that the duration of the measurements in a single cycle of State levelling network measurement is commensurate or nearly commensurate with the period between the different cycles. Such a fact raises serious issues to be addressed, both in the process of preliminary accuracy estimation of the measurements and in the formation of the adjustment model. A period of ten years or more is long enough for displacements on the order of a few mm (millimeters) to become apparent and to be reliably detected. One possible approach, in such cases, is to apply a modified version of adjustment using the Least Squares Method. It would be appropriate, as additional unknowns, to introduce the velocities of the individual benchmarks of the network into the adjustment model. Thus, taking into account the time of the start of the measurements, preconditions are created for taking into account the dynamic behaviour of the benchmarks during the measurement period. The applied adjustment model is based on the so-called "dynamic" or "kinematic" adjustment model, which also takes into account some technological features in the overall network measurement process.

In the nutcracker anatomy, the aortomesenteric angle is more acute, which leads to a compression of the left renal vein between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery. As a result, there is an impended outflow of the left renal vein in the inferior vena cava. This is termed as nutcracker syndrome. Complex of clinical symptoms exists in the nutcracker syndrome (NS). Nutcracker phenomenon (NP) is the term used to describe an anatomic finding without any clinical symptoms. The aim of this case study was to show the use of a multiphase computed tomography as a diagnostic method of choice in dealing with cases of nutcracker anatomy in patients.We present four cases of patients who underwent computed tomography of the abdomen. Two of the cases were with anterior nutcracker syndrome, one case was with posterior nutcracker syndrome and one case with nutcracker phenomenon.Establishing of the exact diagnosis in these patients is difficult, because of the rarity and variety in symptoms. Existence of the clinical symptoms distinguishes whether the patient has NS or NP. Multiphase CT scan of the abdomen with additional reconstructions in maximum intensity projection (MIP), volume rendering (VR) and multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) as an imaging method is the method of choice in the diagnosis of NS and NP.

The possible effect of the reductions to the measured distances between the points in a geodynamic geodetic network on the reliability of the subsequently calculated deformations has been analysed. Experimental investigations on the basis of doubly measured spatial chords from the real network and their analogues in UTM-projection have been planned and implemented. Reduction adjustments have been indisputably found to lead to distortion of the deformation model. The problem about block-determined Earth crust deformation has been discussed. A method for calculation of the elements of deformation by geodetic determined linear deformations has been proposed.

Fibrous dysplasia is a benign skeletal disorder in which the normal bone tissue is replaced by immature fibrous tissue. Polyostotic means that abnormal areas may occur in many bones; often they are confined to one side of the body.Replacement of bone by fibrous tissue may lead to pathologic fractures, uneven growth, and deformity. CT and MRI findings in combination with histopathological results are crucial for the diagnosis of this condition.We present a specific case of a patient with polyostotic fibrous dysplasia and the imaging findings that lead to the final diagnosis.

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