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The purpose of the article is to explore origins, development and meaning of the Russian Orthodox Church's concept of traditional values in comparison with its interpreting and utilizing by the Russian political powers through the analysis of the main statements of the ROC's hierarchs, as well as of leading political figures in the period 2000s until nowadays. The following research questions are formulated: What are traditional values in the ROC's and state understanding, and what is the purpose of their promotion? What is the impact of traditional values discourse over people? The conclusion is made that traditional values are seen as one of substantial elements of the present-day Russian political and ideological conservatism and the core element of the identity construction. The ROC as the prominent and influential religious body is seen by political powers, as well as by general public, to be most notably linked to morality; and she seems to take for granted the status of moral authority. At the same time, there is a lack of reliable data, which make possible to estimate the real impact of traditional values over Russian people and the amount of those who share them.