Relevance: Nowadays the evolution of cardiac surgery is impossible without continuous improvement of all stages of treatment. One of the promising ways to achieve this goal is the active use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the preoperative preparation and postoperative rehabilitation. Objective: Presented a short history of the development of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in cardiac surgery, pathophysiological and pathobiochemical mechanisms of its therapeutic effect and scenarios for its use in the preoperative preparation and postoperative rehabilitation of cardiac surgery patients. Conclusion: The introduction of hyperbaric oxygen therapy into cardiac surgery can improve results of surgical treatment, as well as reduce terms of preoperative preparation and postoperative rehabilitation of cardiac surgery patients, which will increase significantly the quality and efficiency of cardiac surgery.