Key Points Question Does the risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) increase after pediatric stroke, and is that risk associated with family history of ADHD, adverse motor outcomes, or comorbid epilepsy? Findings This nationwide cohort study of 1320 patients who had perinatal or childhood stroke and 13 141 matched controls found a 2-fold increased risk of ADHD after stroke. Development of adverse motor outcomes and/or epilepsy were associated with a further elevated risk in children with perinatal stroke. Meaning These findings suggest that children may face an increased risk of ADHD after stroke and that surveillance for ADHD should be considered by pediatricians performing follow-up of children with pediatric stroke.

Background: Foeto-placental growth is regulated by a complex balance of growth promoting and growth inhibiting factors and hormones, namely the insulin-like growth factors (IGF) and the intracellular caspase proteins. Changes in the IGF-axis appear to affect this balance, with deficiencies possibly triggering apoptosis.Aim: To ascertain levels of apoptosis in the placenta of infants born small for gestational age (SGA) and appropriate for gestational age (AGA), comparing samples from two population groups, Pakistani and Swedish, in an attempt to better understand the mechanism behind foetal-placental growth restriction.Methods: Placental samples were taken immediately following delivery in both Karachi and Stockholm. In total 36 samples were included for further analysis (Pakistani: SGA n = 12, AGA n = 12; Swedish: SGA n = 7, AGA n = 5). Protein extraction was conducted for cell-death ELISA, and the remaining tissue samples were then paraffin embedded for further immunohistochemical and immunoflourescent analysis, looking at the apoptotic proteins, p53, caspase 8, and caspase 3. Furthermore, we compared maternal and newborn anthropometry between populations.