In the present study, four species of marine algae were collected during different seasons for one year (September 2013 to August 2014). The collected species belonged to Chlorophyta (Ulva lactuca), Phaeophyta (Sargassum denticulatum, Hormophysa triquetra) and Rhodophyta (Hypnea cornuta) in addition to one blue-green alga from freshwater (Spirulina platensis) was obtained from stock at Hydrobiology Lab, Qanater, Khayria, Qalubia, Egypt. Crude algal extracts were prepared by using different solvents (methanol, ethanol and chloroform) in addition to hot water and cold water extracts. The crude algal extracts were examined for their antifungal efficacy against oral Candida species (Candida albicans, C.tropicalis, C.krusei and C.glabrata) using agar well diffusion method. Results revealed that methanol was the best solvent suited for extraction of bioactive compounds from the tested algae. Chlorophyta (ulva lactuca) exhibited the highest antifungal effect followed by Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta and blue green algae. MIC of the most potent algal (ulva lactuca) methanol extract was 62.5 mg/ml and MFC was 125mg/ml for the same alga with all the tested oral Candida species. (comparison was made between MFC value of Ulva lactuca methanol extract with the anti chlorhexidine (0.1mg/ml)(which is a common antimicrobial agents in commercialized oral rinses). by using (PIDG) .The results shown that the Ulva lactuca methanol extract better than PIDG of chlorhexidine.

Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase producing bacteria are defined as a group of Gramnegative bacilli that are highly resistant to drugs. The resistance of pathogens of the Enterobacteriaceae family to β-lactam antibiotics such as carbapenems is considered a major threat in the medical field. The main aim of the current study was to explore and confirm the occurrence of carbapenemase producing K. pneumoniae in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) in different hospital environment sample sites of two Egyptian hospitals in Cairo. Isolates were collected and the screening criteria of carbapenemase producing bacteria was followed by the investigators in order to record the antimicrobial resistance patterns of all isolates in addition to the molecular identification using the 16S rDNA. This study determined the sites responsible for the spreading of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae including suction tubes, ventilator tubes, instrument tables and beds. All K. pneumoniae isolates collected from the ICU of both hospitals were resistant to oxacillin, meropenem and ceftazidime. Moreover, 16S rDNA gene sequence was used to study bacterial phylogeny and taxonomy for all K. pneumoniae isolates; the accession number of all isolates is reported. We concluded that infection control department policies in each hospital should be reinforced to avoid the escalation of K. pneumoniae as nosocomial infections in hospitals. This study should be repeated in other hospitals (especially the public hospitals) to assess the level of the problem.

Oral candidiasis has a strong association with diabetes. This study investigated the prevalence of candidiasis, effects of age and denture wearing on the isolation rate of Candida, virulence factors such as (germ tube (GT), gelatinase assay, phospholipase (PL) activities, biofilm (BF) formation) of different Candida species isolated from 40 confirmed diabetic patients with oral candidiasis and susceptibility of Candida isolates to antifungal agents. The prevalence of candidiasis was (67%) which is more prevalent in middle age (40-60) years (65%) and among females (65%). Sixty Candida isolates were identified among which Candida albicans represented (53.3%), followed by C. glabrata (31.7%), C. tropicalis (10%) and C. krusei (5%). In denture wearers, the isolation rate of all Candida species was 94.7% while in non denture wearers was 53.7%. The minimun inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ketoconazle as the lowest concentration of antifungal that inhibited 100% of C. krusei while MIC for flucytosine that inhibited 90.6% and 84.2% of C. albicans and C. glabrata respectively, also the MIC for itraconazole and voriconazole that inhibited 93.5% and 81.2% of C. albicans. The MIC of amphotericin B was defined as the lowest drug concentration causing 100% inhibition of all Candida species. Candida albicans and C. tropicalis isolates were positive for all the virulence factors while C. glabrata and C. krusei were negative for GT, gelatinase and PL activities. C. krusei were positive only for BF formation. In Conclusion, Candida spp. in the oral cavity of diabetic patients are potentially pathogenic and can participate in infectious and inflammatory processes since they exhibit most of the virulence factors and resistance to most antifungals. Denture wearing, female sex and middle age are among the risk factors. Controlling serum glucose level and oral hygiene are essential in diabetics.

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is a severe problem for universal public health which increases morbidity and mortality rate. These resistant bacteria lead to ineffective treatment of drugs resulting in the spreading and persistence of infections. So, the major target of this study is to estimate the competence of multidrug antibacterial agents against bacterial strains isolated from wound samples and then identify the most potent Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Fifty wound swab specimens were gathered from various wounds and several patients from the