Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a psychiatric disorder with a spectrum of symptoms, including impaired social interactions, impaired verbal and non-verbal communications, and limited and repetitive patterns of behaviors. The incidence of social and emotional disorders in siblings of an autistic child and relationship with having an autistic sibling is a matter of debate. The current study is aimed to assess the socio-behavioral development in the sibling of an autistic child (Sib-A). Methods: The current case-control study has been conducted on 51 Sib-A and 138 children without any autistic sibling (Sib-H). In order to assess social development, the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) that consists of 5 subscales of social awareness, social cognition, social communication, social motivation, and restricted interests and behavior was used. The behavioral status was assessed using the Strength and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) in 5 subscales of emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, peer communications problems, and prosocial behaviors. Eventually, the findings of the two groups were compared. Results: The mean score of SRS in cases was 43.35±36.84 and in controls 29.69 ± 11.20 (P-value = 0.012). Besides, the two groups were different in all subscales (P-value < 0.05) except social motivation (P-value = 0.1). The comparison of SDQ revealed a significant difference between the cases with a mean score of 5.93±5.53 and controls with 3.26 ± 2.57 (P-value = 0.011). Besides, the two groups were different in all subscales (P-value < 0.05) except for conduct problems (P-value = 0.1). Conclusion: The siblings of autistic children showed more socio-behavioral problems than the controls. The genetically or nurturing of these problems should be investigated.

The current study examined the associations between perceived actual-ideal discrepancies in facial and bodily attributes and adolescent girls’ appearance satisfaction and whether these relationships were moderated by the importance associated with the attributes and/or the country of the participants. A multilingual survey was completed by 900 girls aged 12–18 years old living in Australia, China, India, and Iran. Girls in India and Iran were most satisfied with their appearance followed by girls in China and Australia. Iranian girls had the highest perceived actual-ideal discrepancies in facial and bodily attributes. Chinese and Indian girls perceived their facial attributes to be more important to their overall sense of appearance than their bodily attributes, whereas Australian and Iranian girls valued them equally. Higher perceived actual-ideal facial discrepancies were related to lower appearance satisfaction only for Iranian girls and higher perceived bodily discrepancies were linked to lower appearance satisfaction only for Australian girls. The importance associated with physical attributes and/or the country of participants did not moderate the relationship between perceived discrepancies and appearance satisfaction for facial or bodily attributes. Findings underscore the critical role of cultural nuances in understanding body image among adolescent girls and determinants of appearance satisfaction.