A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an autonomous network that consists of mobile nodes that communicate with each other over wireless links. In the absence of a fixed infrastructure, nodes have to cooperate in order to provide the necessary network functionality. One of the principal routing protocols used in Ad hoc networks is AODV (Ad hoc on demand Distance Vector) protocol. The security of the AODV protocol is threaded by a particular type of attack called 'Black Hole' attack. In this attack a malicious node advertises itself as having the shortest path to the destination node. To combat with black hole attack, it is proposed to wait and check the replies from all the neighboring nodes to find a safe route but this approach suffers from high delay. In this paper, an approach is proposed to combat the Black hole attack by using negotiation with neighbors who claim to have a route to destination. the Simulation's results show that the proposed protocol provides better security and also better performance in terms of packet delivery than the conventional AODV in the presence of Black holes with minimal additional delay and Overhead.
Introduction: One of the most important contaminants in the cement industry are environmental suspended particles (PM2.5 and PM10), which cause respiratory and pulmonary diseases in humans.
Materials and methods: This descriptive - analytical study was carried out in 2016-2017 on the peripheral particulate matter of Khash cement plant. Sampling was performed at 8 environmental stations of Khash Cement Company in spring, summer, fall and winter. A total of 576 samples were sampled of peripheral particulate matter.
Results: The amount of particulate matter was PM2.5 2.82 to 24.63 μg/m3, respectively. The highest PM2.5 content was obtained in spring (24.32±2.51 μg/m3). The lowest amount of particulate matter PM2.5 in different seasons were measured in substation (P<0.05). The amount of particulate matter was PM10 19.98 to 68.22 μg/m3, respectively. The highest PM10 content was obtained in autumn (64.92±3.76 μg/m3). The lowest amount of particulate matter PM10 in spring and summer were measured in substation (P<0.05), but the lowest amounts in the autumn at the entrance door and in winter was observed in wastewater treatment.
Conclusion: In this study, the amount of PM2.5 and PM10 peripheral particulate matter in Cement Company was lower than WHO and USEPA standard. According to the results it can be stated that the suspended particles Khash Cement Company environment for human respiration were within acceptable limits.
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