Background: Fatigue and cognitive dysfunction are two common symptoms experienced by patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The relationship between subjective and objective fatigue (fatigability) in MS is poorly understood. Cognitive control tasks might be more conducive to fatigability and more likely to show associations between subjective and objective cognitive fatigue in MS. Objective: To study the association between objective fatigability, as induced by a cognitive control task called the Blocked Cyclic Naming Task (BCNT), subjective fatigue and baseline cognitive functioning in patients with MS. Methods: Twenty-one patients with MS completed baseline questions about their disease, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) battery and self-reported questionnaires on trait fatigue, sleep and depression. Disability was captured using the expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Participants then performed the BCNT and were asked about their level of state momentary fatigue before and after the BCNT. The BCNT consists of several blocks of either related or unrelated pictures that participants name as quickly as possible. The pictures cycled 4 times in each block and the difference in the response times (RTs) between related and unrelated blocks was captured. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and Pearson correlations. Results: MS participants’ performance declined for the related, but not unrelated blocks. The difference in RTs between related and unrelated conditions increased with repetition across cycles (p < 0.001). Participants also showed objective fatigability with less repetition priming (p = 0.02) in the 4th quarter and with greater differences between related and unrelated conditions in the later part of the task. Objective fatigability was strongly associated with participants’ assessment of their level of momentary state fatigue (r =0.612, p =0.007). Conclusion: Using the appropriate tools, this study showed an association between subjective and objective cognitive fatigue in people with MS. The BCNT and cognitive control are useful tools in assessing patients with MS and should be explored in future, larger studies in this population.

Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the humeral head is the result of ischemic injury to the epiphyseal bone leading to humeral head collapse and arthritis.Common causes include trauma, chronic corticosteroid use, or systemic disease processes, such as sickle cell disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, or alcohol abuse.Nonoperative treatment consists of risk factor management, physical therapy, anti-inflammatory medications, and activity modification.Surgical treatment options include arthroscopic debridement, core decompression, vascularized bone grafts, and shoulder arthroplasty.