Background-We previously reported that administration of elastase inhibitors reverses fatal pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in rats by inducing smooth muscle cell (SMC) apoptosis. We showed in pulmonary artery (PA) organ culture that the mechanism by which elastase inhibitors induce SMC apoptosis involves repression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity and subsequent signaling through ␣ v ␤ 3 -integrins and epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs). This suggests that blockade of these downstream effectors may also induce regression of PAH. Methods and Results-In this study, we first showed in PA organ culture that MMP inhibition or ␣ v ␤ 3 -integrin blockade with agents in clinical and preclinical use (SC-080 and cilengitide, respectively) mediates SMC apoptosis and regression of medial hypertrophy. We also documented similar results with an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. We then induced PAH in rats by injection of monocrotaline and, at day 21, began a 2-week treatment with SC-080, cilengitide, or the EGFR inhibitor PKI166. No vehicle-or cilengitide-treated animal survived beyond 2 weeks. Administration of SC-080 resulted in 44% survival at 2 weeks, and PKI166 therapy resulted in 78% and 54% survival in daily or 3-times-weekly treated animals, respectively. Four weeks after cessation of PKI166, we documented survivals of 50% and 23% in the 2 treatment groups, associated with reductions in pulmonary pressure, right ventricular hypertrophy, and abnormally muscularized distal arteries. Conclusion-We

Abstract-Heightened expression of the S100 calcium-binding protein, S100A4/Mts1, is observed in pulmonary vascular disease. Loss of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) receptors or of the serotonin transporter (SERT) attenuates pulmonary hypertension in animals, and polymorphisms causing gain of SERT function are linked to clinical pulmonary vascular disease. Because 5-HT induces release of S100␤, we investigated the codependence of 5-HT receptors and SERT in regulating S100A4/Mts1 in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (hPA-SMC). 5-HT elevated S100A4/Mts1 mRNA levels and increased S100A4/Mts1 protein in hPA-SMC lysates and culture media. S100A4/Mts1 in the culture media stimulated proliferation and migration of hPA-SMC in a manner dependent on the receptor for advanced glycation end products. Treatment with SB224289 (selective antagonist of 5-HT 1B ), fluoxetine (SERT inhibitor), SERT RNA-interference, and iproniazid (monoamine oxidase-A inhibitor), blocked 5-HT-induced S100A4/ Mts1. 5-HT signaling mediated phosphorylation (p) of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (pERK1/2), but pERK1/2 nuclear translocation depended on SERT, monoamine oxidase activity, and reactive oxygen species. Nuclear translocation of pERK1/2 was required for pGATA-4 -mediated transcription of S100A4/Mts1. These data provide evidence for a mechanistic link between the 5-HT pathway and S100A4/Mts1 in pulmonary hypertension and explain how the 5-HT 1B receptor and SERT are codependent in regulating S100A4/Mts1. (Circ Res. 2005;97:227-235.)Key Words: smooth muscle cells Ⅲ pulmonary hypertension Ⅲ S100A4/Mts1 Ⅲ serotonin Ⅲ ERK1/2 A berrations in serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT])-mediated signaling events have been linked to pulmonary vascular disease (PVD). 1,2 Studies in transgenic mice indicate that both the serotonin transporter (SERT) 2,3 and 5-HT receptors 4 -6 are necessary in the development of pulmonary hypertension (PAH). An insertion/deletion polymorphism in the SERT promoter, resulting in 2-to 3-fold higher levels of SERT gene transcription, has been observed in 65% of idiopathic PAH (IPAH) versus 27% of control patients. 7 Additional studies have shown that patients using the anorectic drug dexfenfluramine, a 5-HT uptake inhibitor and SERT substrate that results in increased circulating 5-HT levels and exaggerated receptor signaling, 8 have a 23-fold increased risk of developing IPAH. 9 Similarly, patients with abnormal 5-HT platelet storage and elevated circulating 5-HT levels 10 similar to the Fawn-hooded rat, 11 are at increased risk of developing PAH.A recent study has linked SERT-mediated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 to phosphorylation of the transcription factor GATA-4 and to heightened expression of cyclin D2, a gene expressed in proliferating cells. 12 Transport of serotonin via SERT results in monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) activity, necessary for Rho kinase (ROCK)-mediated nuclear translocation of ERK1/2. 13 How SERT interacts with 5-HT receptor signaling in regulating genes specifically associated with P...

Background: Members of the genus Rhodococcus are frequently found in soil and other natural environments and are highly resistant to stresses common in those environments. The accumulation of storage compounds permits cells to survive and metabolically adapt during fluctuating environmental conditions. The purpose of this study was to perform a genome-wide bioinformatic analysis of key genes encoding metabolism of diverse storage compounds by Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 and to examine its ability to synthesize and accumulate triacylglycerols (TAG), wax esters, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), glycogen and polyphosphate (PolyP). Results: We identified in the RHA1 genome: 14 genes encoding putative wax ester synthase/acyl-CoA: diacylglycerol acyltransferase enzymes (WS/DGATs) likely involved in TAG and wax esters biosynthesis; a total of 54 genes coding for putative lipase/esterase enzymes possibly involved in TAG and wax ester degradation; 3 sets of genes encoding PHA synthases and PHA depolymerases; 6 genes encoding key enzymes for glycogen metabolism, one gene coding for a putative polyphosphate kinase and 3 putative exopolyphosphatase genes. Where possible, key amino acid residues in the above proteins (generally in active sites, effectors binding sites or substrate binding sites) were identified in order to support gene identification. RHA1 cells grown under N-limiting conditions, accumulated TAG as the main storage compounds plus wax esters, PHA (with 3-hydroxybutyrate and 3-hydroxyvalerate monomers), glycogen and PolyP. Rhodococcus members were previously known to accumulate TAG, wax esters, PHAs and polyP, but this is the first report of glycogen accumulation in this genus.

No abstract