Stromatolites are organo-sedimentary structures that represent some of the oldest records of the early biosphere on Earth. Cyanobacteria are considered as a main component of the microbial mats that are supposed to produce stromatolite-like structures. Understanding the role of cyanobacteria and associated microorganisms on the mineralization processes is critical to better understand what can be preserved in the laminated structure of stromatolites. Laguna Negra (Catamarca, Argentina), a high-altitude hypersaline lake where stromatolites are currently formed, is considered as an analog environment of early Earth. This study aimed at characterizing carbonate precipitation within microbial mats and associated oncoids in Laguna Negra. In particular, we focused on carbonated black pustular mats. By combining Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Laser Microdissection and Whole Genome Amplification, Cloning and Sanger sequencing, and Focused Ion Beam milling for Transmission Electron Microscopy, we showed that carbonate precipitation did not directly initiate on the sheaths of cyanobacterial Rivularia, which dominate in the mat. It occurred via organo-mineralization processes within a large EPS matrix excreted by the diverse microbial consortium associated with Rivularia where diatoms and anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria were particularly abundant. By structuring a large microbial consortium, Rivularia should then favor the formation of organic-rich laminations of carbonates that can be preserved in stromatolites. By using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and Synchrotron-based deep UV fluorescence imaging, we compared laminations rich in structures resembling Rivularia to putatively chemically-precipitated laminations in oncoids associated with the mats. We showed that they presented a different mineralogy jointly with a higher content in organic remnants, hence providing some criteria of biogenicity to be searched for in the fossil record.
Ralstonia solanacearum raza 2 es la causante del Moko o marchitez bacteriana, produciendo grandes pérdidas económicas en cultivos como plátano, tabaco y tomate. Se han descrito varios componentes de los extractos y del aceite esencial (AE) de Tagetes patula L., que incluyen: benzofuranos, carotenoides, flavonoides y tiofenos que son biológicamente activos y potencialmente alelopáticos contra muchos organismos patógenos. Las investigaciones del efecto de los extractos y el AE de T. patula L contra R. solanacearum son escasas. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar el potencial antioxidante y determinar el efecto de los extractos metanólicos de flores (EMF) y de hojas (EMH) y el AE sobre el crecimiento de la bacteria. El EMF de T. patula posee mayor capacidad captadora de radicales libres (DPPH) que el AE, posiblemente relacionado con su mayor contenido de fenoles. También el EMF tiene un alto contenido en flavonoides y terpenoides. La composición química del AE fue determinada por cromatografía gas/masa, la cual reveló seis componentes mayores, los cuales representan más de 84% del AE: Indano 5.47%, D-limoneno 5.76%, Z-ocimeno 5.98%, terpinoleno 6.73%, Bervenona 19.98% y la piperitona con 40.4%. El EMF como el AE inhibieron el crecimiento de R solanacearum raza 2, pero el AE fue más efectivo (radio de inhibición 16 cm). Basados en estos resultados EMF y AE de flores y hojas de T. patula puede ser una opción para el control R solanacearum raza 2.
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