Objective: Knowledge of the microbial composition of deciduous endodontic infections is limited. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of the 10 oral bacterial species in samples from primary tooth root canals by using microarray technology and to determine the association of these organisms with clinical conditions. Study Design: The samples were collected from 30 root canals of primary teeth with primer infection. The bacterial composition of the samples was semi-quantitatively defined using a microarray system (Parocheck®). Results: All the tested species were detected in the samples. Fusobacterium nucleatum was the most frequently isolated bacterium (96.7%), followed by Prevotella intermedia (86.7%), Parvimonas micra (83.3%), Treponema denticola (76.7%) and Tannerella forsythia (66.7%). These bacteria were also present in high levels. All pairs of bacterial species were positively associated (RR≯1), except P.intermedia and P.micra. On average, five species (range:3-8) were detected per amplified sample. Root canals of teeth with ≯5 different species were statistically associated with periapical radiolucency (P=0.049). Conclusions: Primary teeth with endodontic infections show a highly diverse variety of bacteria, in which the most prevalent specie are present in high proportions. The well-directed use of the improved microarray technology will provide additional valuable information for causative factors associated with endodontic diseases, helping to develop more successful antibacterial or anti-inflammatory treatment strategies.

Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is an inherited disorder characterized mainly by hypotrichosis, hypohidrosis, a characteristic facial appearance, hypodontia/anadontia and malformed teeth. The aim of this study was to assess the pattern of missing teeth and tooth malformations in children affected with HED in Istanbul, Turkey. Clinical and radiological findings of 16 children (9 boys and 7 girls) diagnosed with HED attended the clinics of Pediatric Dentistry, Istanbul Univ., were reviewed; the pattern of missing and malformed teeth in primary and permanent dentition was evaluated. Percentages of children affected with anadontia, oligodontia and hypodontia were found as 12.50%, 81.25% and 6.25%, respectively. The most frequently missing teeth were noted as primary lateral incisors (27.48%) in the primary dentition and lateral incisors and second premolars in the permanent dentition. A pattern of symmetry was assessed for agenesis of teeth. Peg shaped/tapered and conical morphology was observed in total of 11 primary and 10 permanent teeth. Radiological examination exhibited root abnormalities in 13 teeth. Girls showed higher frequency of root malformations; and no significancy was found in data of prevalences of agenesis and crown tooth malformations regarding gender. Data of missing and malformed teeth in both dentition of children with HED has emphasized the need of early multidisciplinary treatment options for dental and psychological rehabilitation. is milder in expression. EDA gene is located in position q12-q13 of the chromosome X and encodes a predicted transmembrane protein of 135 amino acids found to be expressed in keratinocytes, hair follicles, and sweat glands 4,5). The morphogenesis of two or more tissues derived from ectoderm are affected, and HED can be diagnosed after infancy on the basis of physical features. HED patients are characterized mainly by hypotrichosis, hypohidrosis and a characteristic facial appearance. Skin changes, recurrent ocular infections, chronic rhinitis, dystrophic nails, epistaxis, dysphagia, dysphonia, alopecia are reported. Extramedullary haematopoiesis of cranial dura, diminished resistance to respiratory infections, and nasopharyngeal rhabdomyosarcoma are some of the other

Early colonization of A. actinomycetemcomitans in oral cavities could be assessed as a risk marker for periodontal disease. Periodontal pathogens may enter bloodstream through bacteremia; thus, the presence of periodontal pathogens in the oral cavity of children should be assessed as a risk marker for cardiac diseases in older ages.

Objective: The prevalence of Streptococcus mutans serotype k, which was speculated that might be associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases, has been reported in adult cardiovascular surgery patients. There is no information about presence of serotype k in children with cardiac disease. The aim of this study was to determine the salivary prevalence of S.mutans serotype k in children with congenital heart disease. Study Design: Salivary samples of 25 patients undergoing elective surgery for congenital heart defects with cardiopulmonary bypass and an age and gender matched control group of 25 healthy children were enrolled in the study. Species-specific 16SrRNA gene sequences were used for S. mutans and serotype-specific rgpF gene sequences were used for S.mutans serotype k determination in stimulated saliva samples. Results: S.mutans was detected in 19 (76%) of the study and 15 (60%) of the control children. The difference was not shown to be statistically significant. Serotype k was determined from 3 (12%) of the study group, while it was not determined from the samples of the control group. Conclusions: Our results indicate that those children with congenital heart disease may possess S.mutans serotype k in oral cavity at a higher frequency as similar with the adult cardiac surgery patients.