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Comparisons are made between polypropylene (PP) fibres and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibres in order to relate the thermal properties of fibres with the respective fibre mortar behaviour under thermal exposure. Thermogravimetry (TG), dilferential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermochromatography(ThGC) are utilized When a cementitious fibre mortar is being bated, several physical phenomena occur in the temperature range between 100°C and 200°C. Tbere is a significant difiereoce in the thermal behaviour between PP and PAN fibres. PP fibres melt at 160-170°C. The noo-melting behaviour of PAN fibre together with its rapid exothermic degradation reactions at around 300°C may add risk to tbe spalling of fibre mortar under rapid thermal exposure.

Results from an experimental study of electric and/or ultrasonic field assisted filtration are presented. Both electric and ultrasonic fields can reduce fouling of the filtration medium and have significant influence on filtration capacity. The extent of filtration improvement is affected mostly by particle size, surface charge, acoustic frequency, and field strengths. Theoretical examinations of the use of electric field and/or ultrasonic field to enhance filtration efficiency were laid out. Some aspects regarding orthokinetic interaction in acoustic agglomeration were considered. Energy consumptions of the filtrations of different suspensions used in experiments were also determined. For pyrite suspension the best results with ultrasound were obtained when filtration was done as follows: 15-s negative pressure filtration, 15-s negative pressure filtration with 22-kHz ultrasonic burst (0.5 s) and 20-s drying with negative pressure. In this case the moisture content of cake was 7% while in the reference cake it was 14%. The cake capacity was fourfold greater than in the reference case. The best results for phosphoric acid were obtained when combined use was made of the ultrasound and the electric field. In this case the filtration capacity increased fifteenfold while the use of ultrasound on its own increased the filtration capacity tenfold.

One option for new nitrogen sources is industrial liquid side streams containing ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N). Unfortunately, NH4-N often exists in low concentrations in large water volumes. In order to achieve a highly concentrated NH4-Nsolution, scalant removal is needed. In this study, scalant removal by precipitation was investigated. At alkali pH, sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) was used as a precipitation chemical while at acidic pH, the chemical used was oxalic acid (C2H2O4). At alkali pH, high Na2CO3 dose was needed to achieve low content of calcium, which, with sulphate, formed the main scalant in the studied mine water. NH4-N at alkali pH was in the form of gaseous ammonia but it stayed well in the solution during pre-treatment for nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO). However, it was not rejected sufficiently, even via LG SW seawater RO membrane. At acidic pH with CaC2O4 precipitation, NF90 was able to be used for NH4-N concentration up to the volume reduction factor of 25. Then, NH4-N concentration increased from 0.17 g/L to 3 g/L. NF270 produced the best fluxes for acid pre-treated mine water, but NH4-N rejection was not adequate. NF90 membrane with mine water pre-treated using acid was successfully verified on a larger scale using the NF90-2540 spiral wound element.