Sera of camelid species contain a special kind of antibody that consists only of heavy chains. The variable antigen binding domain of these heavy chain antibodies can be expressed as a separate entity, called a single domain antibody that is characterized by its small size, high solubility and oftentimes exceptional stability. Because of this, most single domain antibodies fold correctly when expressed in the reducing environment of the cytoplasm, and thereby retain their antigen binding specificity. Single domain antibodies can thus be used to target a broad range of intracellular proteins. Such intracellular single domain antibodies are also known as intrabodies, and have proven to be highly useful tools for basic research by allowing visualization, disruption and even targeted degradation of intracellular proteins. Furthermore, intrabodies can be used to uncover prospective new therapeutic targets and have the potential to be applied in therapeutic settings in the future. In this review we provide a brief overview of recent advances in the field of intracellular single domain antibodies, focusing on their use as research tools and potential therapeutic applications. Special attention is given to the available methods that allow delivery of single domain antibodies into cells.

A tensor display is a type of 3D light field display, composed of multiple transparent screens and a back-light that can render a scene with correct depth, allowing to view a 3D scene without wearing glasses. The analysis of state-of-the-art tensor displays assumes that the content is Lambertian. In order to extend its capabilities, we analyze the limitations of displaying non-Lambertian scenes and propose a new method to factorize the non-Lambertian scenes using disparity analysis. Moreover, we demonstrate a new prototype of a tensor display with three layers of full HD content at 60 fps. Compared with state-ofthe-art, the evaluation results verify that the proposed non-Lambertian rendering method can display a higher quality for non-Lambertian scenes on both simulation and a prototyped tensor display.

Tensor displays are screens able to render a light field with correct depth perception without wearing glasses. Such devices have already been shown to be able to accurately render a scene composed of Lambertian objects. This paper presents the model and prototyping of a tensor display with three layers, using repurposed computer monitors, and extends the light field factorization method to non-Lambertian objects. Furthermore, we examine the relation and limitations between the depth-of-field and the depth range with Lambertian and non-Lambertian scenes. Non-Lambertian scenes contain out-of-range disparities that can not be properly rendered with the usual optimization method. We propose to artificially compress the disparity range of the scene by using two light fields focused on different depths, effectively solving the problem and allowing to render the scene clearly on both simulated and prototyped tensor display.