Ultrasound (US) has an emergent and relevant role in the assessment of systemic sclerosis (SSc) even if there are many fields and applications that still have not been sufficiently explored. In this review, we will report an update of the available data regarding the use of US in lung involvement that might cause disability and mortality in SSc patients. Lung US does not employ ionizing radiation and is more rapid and less expensive than traditional high-resolution tomography (HRCT). Furthermore, recent initial studies have demonstrated that US scores correlated to HRCT and functional respiratory test results in SSc interstitial lung disease. The research agenda for the future should include a more profound investigation of its specificity (comparison with healthy subjects and other diseases) and sensitivity to change at follow-up, to adequately disseminate its use in daily practice and clinical trials.

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Rituximab (RTX), a chimeric monoclonal antibody targeted against CD20, has been used to treat refractory inflammatory myopathies (IIM). The primary objective of this study was to retrospectively assess the efficacy of RTX in reducing disease activity in patients with IIM refractory to conventional therapy. Secondary aim was the evaluation of adverse events (AE) during the treatment period. We examined 26 patients with a diagnosis of IIM, referred to our Rheumatology Unit and treated with RTX for active refractory disease. Patients were treated with RTX 1000 mg i.v., twice, with a 2-week interval. RTX treatment was associated with a significant reduction of creatine kinase (p=0.001) after six months compared to the baseline, an improved muscular strength measured with MMT8 (p<0.001) and a reduction of the extramuscular activity of the disease measured with MYOACT (p<0.001). In particular, RTX improved DM skin rash, arthritis and pulmonary manifestations. Autoantibody positivity (in particular antisynthetase, anti- SRP and antiRo/SSA), and a disease duration <36 months at the moment of the treatment are associated with a better response rate. Treatment with RTX was also associated with a reduction of the mean daily dose of steroids needed to control disease activity (p=0.002). Our results have confirmed that RTX is efficacious in the treatment of refractory IIM. Ad hoc controlled trials are needed to better clarify the specific subset of patients who may better respond to the treatment and the optimal therapeutic schedule.

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Background Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) is a multisystem inflammatory disease of unknown etiology typically characterized by high fever, arthralgias/arthritis and transient cutaneous rash. Liver involvement has been reported in AOSD, however only few studies have described it comprehensively. Objectives To describe the frequency and clinical presentation of liver involvement in a single center cohort of AOSD. Methods Retrospective observational study including unselected patients with a diagnosis of AOSD made according to the Yamaguchi criteria and admitted at our University Hospital between 2009 and 2013. Demographic, clinical and serological data were retrieved from patients files including: fever, evanescent rash, sore throat, arthritis, myalgias, pleuritis, pericarditis, pneumonitis, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly leucocytosis >15,000/μl and high serum ferritin levels. The severity of liver-associated enzymes was based on the degree of elevation and was stratified as mild (<2 times normal), moderate (2-5 times normal), and severe (>5 times normal). Severe liver dysfunction was defined as having all of the following criteria: total bilirubin >3 mg/dL; albumin <3.2 g/dL; and prothrombin time >3 seconds prolonged. Medications used, response to treatment and long-term outcomes were also recorded. Comparison in terms of continuous data were determined using independent sample t tests or Mann–Whitney tests, and in terms of proportions using contingency table analysis and chi square test. Results Eighteen patients (9 F: 9M; mean age (SD) =37 (12) years, mean follow-up=31 (15) months) were included in the study. Twelve patients out of 18 (66.6%) presented liver test abnormalities whereas hepatomegaly occurred in 4/18 (22.2%) cases. No correlation was found between liver involvement and gender or age at the diagnosis. A mild elevation of liver enzymes was found in 4/12 cases, a moderate alteration in other 4 patients, and a severe cytolysis in the other 4. A liver biopsy was performed in 3/12 patients revealing acute hepatitis with necrosis and accompanying non specific inflammatory infiltration. Three patients presented a liver acute failure concurrently with a diffuse intravascular coagulation (DIC) and, in one case, with a fatal macrophagic activation syndrome (MAS). Prednisone therapy induced a fast improvement of liver function in all the cases but one. Hydroxychloroquine, methotrexate and cyclosporine were the most common steroid sparing agents adopted during the follow-up. Conclusions Our findings outlined the high frequency of liver involvement in AOSD. Despite generally mild or moderate, severe acute hepatitis can occur during the disease course especially in those patients with DIC or MAS features. Treatment with systemic corticosteroid therapy is generally able to control liver function during AOSD, however steroid sparing agents are crucial in maintaining a long- term remission. Larger prospective studies could clarify the pathogenetic role of macrophagic activation in AOSD seve...