Objectives-Prenatal substance use contributes birth defects, prematurity, and infant mortality in the U.S. As such, it is critical that medical professionals receive appropriate education and actively engage in screening patients; however, a physician's gender may influence differences in screening practices. The purpose of this study is to examine male and female Ob/Gyn physician's beliefs and practices related to perinatal substance use screening and to identify the significant correlates of using a standardized screening tool.Methods-Data were collected from 131 Ob/Gyn physician's in Kentucky using a web-based survey. Chi-square and t-tests were used to distinguish differences between male (n=84) and female (n=47) providers. Binary logistic regression was also used to assess the independent correlates of the use of a standardized screening tool. Results-FemaleOb/Gyn physician's were more likely to "believe in" the effectiveness of screening, to discuss sensitive topics with patients, and were motivated to screen as a part of comprehensive care or because screening could produce a behavioral change. Female providers were also more likely to use a screening tool in a multivariate model; however, being female was no longer significant after additional variables were included in the model. Specifically, younger Ob/Gyn physicians who frequently discussed mental health issues with female patients of childbearing age, and were motivated to screen because it is part of comprehensive care were significantly more likely to use a standardized substance use screening tool.Conclusions-In summary, less than half of Ob/Gyn physicians were using a standardized screening tool and the majority of physicians were using the CAGE. This suggests additional training is needed to increase their use of substance use screening tools, especially those geared towards pregnant women. Lexington, KY 40506; cboser0@uky.edu This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. (NSDUH, 2005), in the past month 4.3% of pregnant women reported using illicit drugs, 9.8% reported using alcohol, 4.1% reported binge drinking, and 18.0% reported smoking cigarettes. While there has been a documented decline in substance use during pregnancy, the number of prenatal substance using women is still significant and the problems experienced by their unborn child are preventable (Goler et al., 2008). Therefore, it is critical that medical professionals adhere to guidelines which suggest that universal screening should occur for substance use disorders in both primary care practices as well as in specialized medicine (Chasnoff et al.,...

<p>Volcanic islands are known to be a source of many natural hazards associated with active volcanism. The processes leading to the instability of their flanks, however are less well understood. The movement of an instable volcanic flank occurs in either or both of two ways; slow sliding of several cm per year (i.e. Etna, Italy) and/or the catastrophic collapse of a large portion of the edifice (i.e. Anak Krakatau, Indonesia). The conditions and precursors leading to such events are often unknown.</p><p>The limited availability of high-resolution bathymetry data especially at the coast is often restricting the quantitative geomorphological investigation to the subaerial part of the volcanic island. It is essential, however, to include the entire volcanic edifice as instability affects the volcano from summit to seafloor. In this study, we test whether and in which way, the morphology of the volcanic edifice affects its instability.</p><p>We therefore combine openly available high-resolution bathymetric and topographic grids (50-150m grid spacing) to create shoreline-crossing DEMs of more than 25 volcanic islands in four areas (archipelagos of Hawaii, Canaries, Mariana Islands and South Sandwich Islands). Additionally, we define sections of equal angle (flanks) with the summit as the central point. Morphological parameters, such as area, volume, height from seafloor, slope etc. of both the entire volcano and each of the 8 flanks, respectively are derived from the DEM grids and inserted into a database. The statistical analysis of this data combined with the history of flank failure will shed light on the influence the morphology of a volcanic island has on its instability. This will lead to a better understanding of the processes involved in the movement of instable volcanic flanks.</p>

<p>Volcanic islands are the sites of some of the largest submarine landslides observed on Earth. Individual landslide deposits can contain several hundreds to few thousands of cubic kilometers of mobilized material and, therefore, represent significant hazards. They can generate destructive tsunamis which may have devastating impacts on coastal areas and populations. Hazard potential of volcanic flank-collapses is widely recognized, but the magnitude, and therefore the hazard potential of tsunamis triggered by such collapses have been much debated over the past decades. Hence, a better understanding and a full characterization of volcanic landslide deposits and emplacement dynamics is crucial. Fogo Island, situated in the southern part of the Cape Verdean Archipelago, is one of the most active oceanic intraplate volcanoes in the world. Fogo Volcano experienced a catastrophic flank-collapse event as witnessed by up-to-1 km high, eastward-opened horseshoe-shape depression. Tsunami deposits found on the nearby islands of Santiago and Maio indicate that the flank-collapse was tsunamigenic <em>(Ramalho et al. 2015; Madeira et al. 2019)</em>. To better constrain the tsunamigenic hazard potential of this large, volcanic flank-collapse, we collected in 2019 a dense network of marine geophysical datasets offshore Fogo. Our dataset includes high-resolution multi-beam swath bathymetry, parametric sediment echo-sounder, multi-channel seismic reflection, sidescan sonar data and sediment gravity cores. Here, we present the key results of the seismic data. We show – for the first time – the internal architecture of the Monte Amarelo flank-collapse deposit in unprecedented detail. Our data reveal a two-fold nature of the deposit with hummocky terrains in the proximal area – typical of blocky debris avalanche deposits – and finer-grained, acoustically transparent deposits in the southern distal part. Our observations support recently-proposed failure models, where the loading of seafloor sediment by volcanic debris avalanche deposits triggered sediment destabilization and progressive downslope-propagating failure along a décollement surface <em>(Le Friant et al. 2015, 2020)</em>. The basal surface of the Monte Amarelo deposits along with a series of strong internal reflections have also been captured in the seismic data, both in the proximal and distal part. This suggests a multi-phase event in the emplacement of the Monte Amarelo deposit offshore and allows us to reassess the volume of failed and remobilized material. Such details are particularly unusual on submarine volcanic flanks, as it is rather difficult to image the base of debris avalanche deposits due to their hummocky nature that instantly diffract/scatter the acoustic energy. This makes Fogo’s Monte Amarelo volcanic flank-collapse deposit a perfect study case to investigate the emplacement dynamics of large-scale, volcanic flank collapses and better constrain their tsunamigenic hazard potential.</p>

Volcanoes are sources of numerous threats including lava flows, pyroclastic flows, ash dispersal and landslides or sector collapses. In addition to these commonly known volcanic hazards, volcano-induced tsunamis can occur in the marine environment, introducing a major hazard that can affect populations located far away from the volcanoes. Existing tsunami warning systems generally do not account for volcano-generated tsunamis, due to the multiple source mechanisms that can cause such tsunamis, a limited understanding of precursory signals for these events, and the need for local detection rather than remote sensing. Among these source mechanisms of volcanic tsunamis, sector and lateral collapses are at the high risk-low frequency extreme of risk matrices. Marine volcanoes grow in specific environments, with factors like marine clays, constant full saturation, sediment transport and remobilization, interaction with ocean dynamics, and sea level changes that may impact edifice stability in distinct ways. The majority of historically documented marine volcano collapses occurred at erupting volcanoes, suggesting that eruptions could serve as a remotely detectable warning signal for collapses. However, careful examination of temporal sequences of these examples reveals that collapses do not always follow eruptions. Consequently, there is a need for identifying other, more robust precursors to volcano collapse, in particular in the marine environment, where the consequences of collapses may be widespread.